Dna Biology Forensic Science Essay - 958 Words

1.1.1.1 Forensic DNA Biology: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has revolutionized forensic science. Of all the disciplines in forensic science, forensic biology has seen the most technological advances in the past thirty years. Forensic biology is a field of study that uses DNA to identify victims and to associate suspects and victims to crime scenes. The large forensic advantage of high copy number and the stability of the mtGenome is a direct consequence of the mitochondrion’s function and evolutionary history. Understanding the necessary functions encoded in its genome enhances our appreciation of molecular genetics of mitochondrial gene variation. Mammalian mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) have two separate origins of replication. The origin of the heavy strand (guanine rich) is located within a region termed the Displacement loop (D-loop) and the light strand (cytosine rich) synthesis originates within a cluster of five tRNA genes nearly opposite of the D-loop. The single focus of current forensic typing is the D-loop. The D-loop consists of approximately 1100 base pairs of â€Å"noncoding† DNA and is commonly referred to as the hypervariable region due to an increased frequency of mutation as compared to the remaining portion of the mtgenome. The hypervariable region is further divided into three segments. Hypervariable region I (HV1) spans nucleotide positions 16024-16365; hypervariable region II (HV2) span nucleotide positions 73-340; and hypervariable region III (HV3) spansShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Science By Law Enforcement1653 Words   |  7 PagesJustice defines forensic science as, â€Å"the application of science, such as physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, and engineering to matters of law,† (2014). The emphasis here is the use of technology and science by law enforcement officers and agencies and is accepted and recognized by the criminal justice system. It is seen as scientific technology or Crimin alistics, (Dempsey Forst, 2013). While technology plays a role in this, it is most recognized by the use of science by law enforcementRead MoreForensic Pathology, Toxicology, And Biology1077 Words   |  5 Pages Forensic science consists of a variety of fields such as in this case Forensic Pathology, Toxicology, and Biology were used to help solve the murder. Forensic Pathology was used to determine the cause of death by conducting an autopsy on the Johnson body. Coming to a conclusion, that Denise Johnson’s cause of death was due to asphyxiation (also known as strangulation)2,9. The pathology unit also determined that her death was a forced and violent death. Given the facts of how the victim died itRead MoreIntroduction. Forensic Dna Phenotyping Is A New And Emerging1577 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Forensic DNA Phenotyping is a new and emerging field of forensic science. As it is so new, there is very little in terms of literature on this field, very little testing done on this type of identification, and few cases that have used DNA Phenotyping to assist in the investigation. The first documented case of DNA Phenotyping being used is in the early 2000s, so it has had under 20 years of research and experimentation with it. There are many weaknesses to the version of DNA PhenotypingRead MoreForensic Science : A Forensic Scientist1648 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Topic: Forensic Science In general, a forensic scientist’s job provides an objective, scientific analysis to discover the truth and use that truth in legal proceedings. Forensic scientists take items of evidence collected from crime scenes and determine their relevance to the case by examining and analyzing the evidence. There are various types of forensic scientists that specialize in specific examinations and analysis of different types of evidence. Eventually forensic scientists willRead MoreUses for Trace Evidence in Forsensic Science1176 Words   |  5 Pages There are various uses for trace evidence in forensic science. Trace evidence can include a variety of disciplines including hair, paint, fiber, rope, soil, glass, and building materials. According to Locard’s Exchange Principle, every contact leaves a trace. Whenever a criminal comes in contact with a victim, there is an exchange of materials between the two. When discovered, this exchange can provide key evidenc e in a case. Paul Kirk (1974) states in his book Crime InvestigationRead MoreForensic Science Technician: I would like to be a Forensic Science Technician, simply because I1600 Words   |  7 PagesForensic Science Technician: I would like to be a Forensic Science Technician, simply because I find this kind of stuff interesting. A Forensic Science Technician does many things. Four things they do are run ballistics tests on guns to find the one used in a bank robbery; collect evidence from a crime scene to help understand the chain of events; match DNA samples to reunite a long lost child to his/her family; and solve a crime by matching fingerprints at the crime scene to a suspect. One of theRead MoreThe Convergence Of DNA Analysis And Forensic Sciences1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe convergence of DNA analysis and Forensic sciences is a recent one, given the relatively new discovery of accurate analysis of DNA. 1953 was a critical year for the field of molecular biology; Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick solved the double-stranded, helical nature of DNA. Nearly three decades later, Kary Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1983, followed only a year later by Sir Alec Jeff reys and his development of the restriction fragment length polymorphismRead MoreThe Applications of DNA Typing 1619 Words   |  7 PagesDNA Typing has become more present in the world with the creation of new technology, allowing justice to be served in courtrooms, helping to identify bodies after major devastating events have occurred, and also in processes that the average human does not pay much attention to such as the production of biofuels. The process of DNA Typing is not easy considering the fact one must first go through the multi-step process of DNA extraction. Along with DNA Typing also comes the job opportunities thatRead MoreForensic Science Investigators 1153 Words   |  5 PagesKids in high school traditionally have a relatively low interest in science because they might think its boring, or tedious, but when you put something forensic behind it, it makes things more exciting. â€Å"Forensic scientists assist various law enforcement agencies throughout the Uni ted States and internationally†(Corey). Most police investigations begin at the scene of a crime. The scene is simply defined as the actual site or location in which the crime took place. The entire investigation hangsRead MoreForensic Misconduct1639 Words   |  7 PagesForensic Misconduct: Dr. Pamela A. Fish Kirstin L. Daniels Professor Ian Rodway George Mason University Forensic Misconduct: Pamela A Fish Forensic science is defined as the practice of utilizing scientific methodologies to clarify judicial inquiries. The field of forensic science contains a broad range of disciplines and has become a vital aspect of criminal investigations. Some forensic disciplines are laboratory-based; while others are based on an analyst’s interpretation

How People Communicate On The Internet Essay - 1762 Words

INTL440 D001 Introduction The advent of the internet ushered in an information age thereby seeing the interconnection of computers and other handheld gadgets through a maze of networks. The internet technology has also changed the way people communicate. Businesses and the society in general have embraced the new means of communication using the internet. However, the internet is vulnerable to security threats from hackers. Moreover, the high-speed connections for internet users provide more bandwidth and resources to hide misuse thereby adding to the security problems. As such, this paper seeks to explore how people communicate on the internet, look into the major networking building blocks and their functions as well as the vulnerabilities of software applications. How People Communicate on the Internet The internet has changed communication from telegram to emails, social networking, online chats, blogs and video calls. Email communication has replaced handwritten correspondence in personal and business interactions. Emails are fast and cheap in addition to providers offering free email accounts. Social networking sites, on the other hand, allow people to communicate with each other in an online forum. Through social networking sites, such as twitter and Facebook, people can exchange photos and other information no matter the physical distance between them. These sites provide people with the advantage of reconnecting after a long time. Moreover, businesses use theShow MoreRelatedDisadvantages Of The Internet1160 Words   |  5 Pages Internet use has become increasingly popular over the recent years, evolving in ways never imagined. In recent times the internet has become a popular way for people, especially teenagers to communicate with one another. Unfortunately, the more teens use the internet to communicate with one another the more teens interpersonal skills start to decline. Interpersonal skills are used to express oneself and to interpret others words, thoughts and actions. However, when we lose the ability to expressRead MoreThe Internet Benefits The Human Race993 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet is the one of the greatest things ever invented. The internet has unlimited amounts of information, no matter what topic, there is an answer for it. The internet benefits the human race because there is no limit to how much we can learn. It can also be used to help in our daily schedule. For instance, if someone is fixing their car and they don t know how to fix it, they can go on the internet and find out how to fix it. The internet has changed the way we view the world. It has changedRead MoreThe Internet Has Revolutionized The Way We Communicate905 Words   |  4 PagesNetworking If the Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, then how has it impacted the people who make use of it? The ever changing empire of technology has always fascinated the world, and how new advances in technology have helped shape the way people communicate with one another. In this case the Internet. The beginnings of the Internet were in â€Å"1969 as Arpanet , joining three colleges in California and one in Utah (Wikipedia contributors). From that point forward, the internet has becomeRead MoreThe Impact Of Modern Day Internet On Our Daily Lives Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pages HExecutive Summary If we go back to history, two decades ago, people used primitive message boards or emails to talk to one another and a business would communicate via text-ads or pop-ups on search engine/directory like Yahoo. (Bolman, 2015, Para 4) Then in 1997, two Stanford Ph.D. students invented an algorithm named PageRank. The PageRank calculated the importance of the website based on how often other sites would link to it. Later, with the introduction of ‘Google,’ the first waveRead MoreThe Internet: Changing The Way We Communicate Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe internet has changed the way we communicate The internet is the easier way for people to communicate with each other. It has made the world smaller by bringing people together everywhere and any time. This invention has important tools for people to contact and it has changed their way of communication in today busy world. In fact people are becoming totally dependent on the internet as a way of communication in their daily life, business and work. The limitation of old communication toolsRead MoreGrand Innovations in Social Interactions Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagestechnological innovations have completely altered the way we communicate with others. The internet is one of these innovations that have revolutionized communication with others. It has made it possible to communicate with people throughout the world with little effort. The internet led to social networks, which is one of the largest means of connecting and interacting with others. Cell phones have made it possible to communicate with people wherever we may be. Social interactions between individualsRead MoreElectronic Devices Affect The Way We Communicate1362 Words   |  6 Pages Today, people around the world are influenced by technologies and use it on a daily basis. It seems like they can’t let go because these electronic devices are so attached to them and it’s an addiction. Electronic devices affect the way we communicate, perceive information, and solve problems. Google changes the way how people find information and solve problems and that they are not using their brain at its full potential. With all the technological advancement, they’re affecting the younger generationsRead MoreInternet Helps Teenagers Communicate863 Words   |  4 PagesThe Internet Helps Teenagers Communicate Abstract The internet is good way for teenagers to communicate with each other and helps them to do better in school and with their writing abilities. It allows them to express themselves openly and learn about new ideas that they would otherwise have no access to. Social media such as Myspace and Facebook are a great way for teenagers to talk with their peers and keep in contact with friends and family. They would lose touch with these people withoutRead MoreThe Internet : A Positive Step Towards Education, Organization And Participation Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The internet could be a very positive step towards education, organization and participation in a meaningful society, (Peace Netter: Noam Chomsky). This quote stresses the importance and relevancy of the internet for society today as we grow increasingly more dependent on it. As the internet continues to advance in its abilities and relevancy, it serves as both a catalyst or spark and a crutch in our everyday lives. Even though some people use the internet for bad purposes, the internet has advancedRead MoreThe Vast Benefits of the Internet Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesBenefits of the Internet In the modern world, the internet has become a powerful tool that people use to ease day to day activities. The internet has become more accessible to people across the globe providing opportunities that never existed before. The power of the internet in building businesses has also increased as more people are able to access it. The internet has changed the way people live and how they relate to each other. It has become an invaluable tool that most of us cannot live without

Swimming Pool Chemistry Essay Example For Students

Swimming Pool Chemistry Essay Most people still assume that swimming pools are just holes in the ground, filled with water. In reality, there are actually many chemical processes, which occurs in a swimming pool, to keep the water clean and safe. Pathogens such as adenoviruses, Hepatitis A viruses, Shigella and Escherichia coli 0157, which can cause fever, diarrhoea and vomiting, must be eradicated. 3 There are many other chemicals involved in balancing the water as well. 4 Chlorination is the practice of adding chlorine to pool water, to destroy disease-producing microorganisms and other contaminants. 2,4 All forms of chlorine ionise in water to form hypochlorous acid (HOCL). 1,2,4 The HOCL formed, retains the oxidising property of chlorine, and can kill microorganisms by passing through their membranes and destroying their organelles. 1,4 However, HOCL further dissociates into hydrogen and hypochlorite ions, where the degree of dissociation depends on pH and temperature. 1,4 This makes pH control important, as hypochlorite ions are not as effective as HOCL in killing bacteria because of their negative charge. 1,4 At pH levels below six, HOCL dissociates poorly. 1,2,4 Then, between a pH of 6. 0 and 8.5, there is a very sharp increase in the dissociation of HOCL to form hypochlorite ions. 1,2,4 However, acidic water is corrosive. 1,2,4 Hence, a pH level of 7.5 is perfect, having 50% of dissolved chlorine as HOCL. 4 Chlorine compounds, in a solid or liquid state, are added to the pool manually or by erosion feeders. 2,4 Elemental chlorine, a poisonous gas, requires special equipments though. 2,4 It is cheap but extremely acidic, requiring a lot of base to counteract it. 1,4 Using an electrolysis cell, HOCL can be generated continuously if salt is added. 1 Dissolved chlorine exists as free available chlorine if it has not bonded with another compound. 2,4 When it has combined with nitrogen compounds, creating chloramines, it loses its ability as a sanitizer. 1,2,4 This compound, which causes eye burn and strong chlorine smell in pools, is eliminated by superchlorination. 2,4 These compounds are now called combined chlorine. 4 Superchlorination is a process to oxidize and remove all ammonia compounds in a pool by raising the chlorine level. 2,4 A threshold called breakpoint chlorination is reached when chlorine levels are ten times the level of chloramines. 4 All dissolved chlorine exists as free available chlorine at this point because the additional chlorine oxidises chloramines to nitrogen gas and nitrate ions. 1,4 HOCL dissipates under sunlight. 1 Cyanuric acid, used as a stabilizer, reacts with chlorine to produce dichloro(iso)cyanuric acid, which does not absorb the suns ultraviolet light. 1,4 When chlorine is used up in a pool, hypochlorite ions are released from the dichloro(iso)cyanuric acid to replace it, maintaining a constant amount of chlorine in the pool. 1 Water balance is the adjustment of the pH and Total Alkalinity of pool water. 4 The pH of pool water is a measurement of how acidic or basic the water is. 2,4 The pH is adjusted, using acids and bases, to reach an ideal pH range of 7.2-7.8. 2,4 This is because acidic water causes corrosion and eye irritation where else basic water causes the formation of scale. 1,2,4 Alkalinity level is the ability of the water to resist changes in pH and is known as the buffering capacity of the water. 1,2 Alkalinity is raised by bases. 4 Chlorinated pools do have drawbacks. They release trihalomethanes and nitrogen trichloride, resulting in accumulated concentrations around the pool. 3,5,6 Swimmers who inhale these toxins have increased risks of developing lung diseases, such as asthma. 5,6 Nitrogen trichloride triggers three proteins that destroy the cellular barrier protecting the lungs, unleashing an asthma attack. 6 Low pH levels in pool water can also cause dental enamel erosion. 5 .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a , .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a .postImageUrl , .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a , .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a:hover , .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a:visited , .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a:active { border:0!important; } .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a:active , .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8efd19076229469e3f140edb4df4d99a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maurice Sendak Essay There are other sanitizers available other than chlorine. 4 Ozone water treatment produces ozone molecules, which are very powerful oxidisers, by passing air over an ultraviolet bulb or creating a small lightning in an air-filled chamber. 4 Catalytic sanitation uses a non-electric ionizer, which doubles as an ozonator. 4 This self-eroding metallic cartridge releases silver cations and produces ozone molecules too. 4 Enzymes can also be used to break down organic matter in pools. .

Women Empowerment in Bangladesh Sample Essay Example For Students

Women Empowerment in Bangladesh Sample Essay Women authorization in Bangladesh means giving adult females of the state the power to regulation and regulate their ain lives. off from traditional and societal restraints. The adult females empowerment motion in Bangladesh focal points on giving adult females the power and authorization they need to be men’s peers. The constructions of sub regulation that have keep adult females in the dark for so long must be eliminated. Womans must hold rational resources that can be acquired through good instruction and material resources that can be accumulated with the aid of a solid occupation. Womans in Bangladesh work in rural countries and do most of the fabricating labour every bit good as most of the harvest home. This traditional pattern demands to halt. The force against adult females must besides halt. Women need to derive a batch more power over their determination devising procedure. We will write a custom essay on Women Empowerment in Bangladesh Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They should non be seen as birthrate machines that have merely the end of reproducing. Most of the force against adult females that takes topographic point in Bangladesh is located in urban and rural families. Violence against adult females is an old. patriarch pattern that focuses on set uping the balance of power in the household. The system of early matrimony for misss is besides a cause for force against adult females because small misss are forced into new households from an early age. There. they have to work like grownups. Bangladesh is a society that perpetrates the myth of the female parent as a godly animal. Womans who do non acquire pregnant are considered inferior because they can’t bear kids. This is a male tradition that limits the mobility of adult females all over the state. Global NGO’s that are working towards assisting adult females get empowered in Bangladesh are still confronting troubles because Bangladesh is a closed society which allows really fe w alterations. In Bangladesh. gender inequalities are a societal building that can be eliminated with clip. This paper tries to explicate the development of adult females motion in India and the position of adult females during the Vedic period and British period. It besides tries to explicate the place of adult females on the footing of socioeconomic – political authorization. Cardinal WORDS: Women place in India a historical dorsum land. Bakti motion. political motion. socio-religious reform motion. position of adult females during British period. women’s organisations stared by Men and adult females and decision. The position of adult females in India has been capable to many great alterations over the past few millenary. from equal position with work forces in antediluvian times through the low points of the mediaeval period. to thepublicity of equal rights by many reformists. the history of adult females in India has been eventful. In modern India. adult females have adorned high offices in India including that of the president. premier curate. talker of the lok sabha and leader of the resistance. As of 2011. the president of India. the talker of the lok sabha and the leader of the resistance in lok sabha ( lower house of the parliament ) are all adult females. The roots of the Indian women’s motion travel back to the nineteenth century male societal reformists who took up issues refering adult females and started women’s organisations. Women stated organizing their ain organisation from the terminal of the nineteenth century foremost at the local and so at the national degree. In the old ages before independency. the two chief issues they took up were political rights and reform of personal Torahs. Women’s engagement in the freedom battle broadened the base of the women’s motion. Woman Position in India. A Historical Background Scholars believe that in ancient India. the adult femal es enjoyed equal position with work forces in all Fieldss of life. However. some others hold contrasting positions. plants by ancient Indian syntacticians such as patanjali and katyayana suggest that adult females were educated in the early Vedic period. Rig Vedic poetries suggest that the adult females married at a mature age and were likely free to choose their hubby ( swayamwara ) scriptures. Such as Rigveda and Upanishads mention several adult females sages and visionaries. notably Gargi and maitrey. Harmonizing to surveies. adult females enjoyed equal position and rights during the early Vedic period. However. subsequently ( about 500 B. C ) the position of adult females began to worsen with the smirtis ( particularly manusmriti ) and with the Islamic invasion of Babar and the Mughal imperium and subsequently Christianity restricting women’s freedom and rights. Although reformative motions such as Jainism allowed adult females to be admitted to the spiritual order. by and big. the adult females in India faced parturiency and limitations. .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37 , .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37 .postImageUrl , .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37 , .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37:hover , .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37:visited , .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37:active { border:0!important; } .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37:active , .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37 .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u75a3a5ab12b3f713e242c58df676bc37:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Old Barn EssayThe pattern of kid matrimonies is believed to hold started from around 6th century. Medieval Period the Indian woman’s place in the society farther deteriorated during the mediaeval period when sati among some communities. kid matrimonies and a prohibition on widow remarriages became portion of societal life among some communities in India. The Muslim conquering in the Indian subcontinent brought the solitude pattern in the Indian society. Among the Rajputs of Rajasthan. the Jauhar was practiced. In some portion of India. the devadasis or the temple adult females were sexually exploited. Polygamy was widely practiced particularly among Hindu Kshatr iya swayers. In many Muslim households. adult females were restricted Zenana countries. Bhakti Movement the Hindu society as stated before was being steadily rigidified under the domination of the Brahmins. The first invasion of India by the Muslims took topographic point during the period in which Shankaracharya lived in the eight century. India experienced a 2nd Muslim invasion in the 11th century when the Muslim hosts led by Muhhamad of Gazni swept over portion of India. It was during this period that Itamanujacharya. who founded the Bhakti cult and organized the first bhakti motion in India. Furthermore the Bhakti motions started by the latter wielded great influence over lower castes every bit good as adult females. Mirabai. Muktabai. a sister of Gnanadeva. Janabai. a maid-servant. kanhopatra a dance miss. two girls of Dadu and two adult females relations of charandas are outstanding adult females Bhakta leaders. Political Movement One of its outstanding leaders was a adult female – the Rani of Jhansi – who became a legendary figure in the history of Indian patriotism. The Revolt of 1857. with the spread of English instruction. intelligentsia imbued with a nationalist sentiment and broad thoughts emerged in the Indian society. The Indian national Congress. the first all India political organisation of the Indian people was founded in 1885 by broad Indian intellectuals in co-operation with non-official British progressives like Hume and others. During the station war period. the Congress increased its agitation for national and democratic demands. Sing women’s rights. at its Calcutta session in 1917. it expressed the sentiment that the same trials be applied to adult females as to work forces in respect to the franchise and the eligibility to all elected organic structures concerned with local authorities and instruction. Despite this Gandhiji’s part to the emancipation of the Indian adult females. to the lift of their position. and to the riddance of the obstructions which her physical and mental development. restricted her vision and mentality and prevented her engagement in wide extradomestic progressive societal motions has been alone. Socio-Religious Reform Movement the roots of the Indian women’s motion travel back to the early nineteenth century when societal reformists. get downing with Ram Mohan Roy ( 1772-1833 ) began to concentrate on issues refering adult females. Roy condemned sati. kulin p oly gamy and spoke in favor of women’s belongings rights. He held the status of Indian adult females as one of the factors responsible for the debauched province of Indian society. If Mohan Roy is remembered for his antisati motion. Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar is more frequently remembered for his widow remarriage run. Following them. bettering the status of adult females became the first dogma of the Indian societal reform motion. Women’s inferior position. enforced privacy. early matrimony. status of widows and deficiency of instruction were facts documented by reformists throughout the state. Status of Woman during British Period If a individual who died a hundred old ages ago came to life today. the first and most of import alteration that would strike him is the revolution in the place of adult females. The survey of the English literature by a subdivision of the Indians which helped them to absorb the western democratic and broad political orientation. an political orientation later utilized by them to get down societal and spiritual reform motions in India. Women’s Organization Started by Men Men who belonged to the socio spiritual reform associations began the first organisation for adult fema les. .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f , .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f .postImageUrl , .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f , .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f:hover , .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f:visited , .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f:active { border:0!important; } .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f:active , .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8c590938acd31fa9c0b2673ae480c36f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Native American EssayIn Bengal. Keshub Chandra Sen. a outstanding Brahmo Samaj leader. started a woman’s diary held prayer meetings for adult females and developed educational programmes for adult females. Members of the Brahmo Samaj formed associations for adult females of their ain households and religion. The prarthana samaj in Maharashtra and Gujarat did similar work. Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar. Madhav Govind Ranade and R. G. Bhandarkar in pune and Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth and his associates in Ahmedabad started organisations for prohibition of child Marriage. for widow remarriage and for women’s instruction. The male-inspired and male-guided organisat ions for adult females did valuable work in educating adult females and giving them their first experience with public work. While the work forces wanted their adult females to be educated and take portion in public activities. they regarded the place as the primary focal point for adult females. Women’s Organization Started by Women By the terminal of the nineteenth century. a few adult females emerged from within the Reformed households who formed organisations of their ain one of the first to make so was Swarna Kumari Devi. girl of Devendranath Tagore. a Brahmo leader. and sister of the poet Rabindranath Tagore. who formed the ladies society in Calcutta in 1882 for educating and leaving accomplishments to widows and other hapless adult females to do them economically autonomous. She edited a adult females diary. bharati. therefore gaining herself the differentiation of being the first Indian adult female editor. In the same twelvemonth. Ramabai Saraswati formed the Arya Mahila Samaj in Pune and a few old ages subsequently started the sharda sadan in Bombay. The national conference was formed at the 3rd session of the Indian national Congress in 1887 to supply a forum for the treatment of societal issues. The Bharat Mahila parishad was the women’s wing of this and was inaugurated in 1905. It focused on child matrimony. status of widows. dowery and other â€Å"evil† imposts. The Parsee. the Muslims and the Sikhs all formed their ain women’s organisations. Womans in Calcutta. Bombay. Madras and other smaller metropoliss formed associations whose members were drawn from among a little group of urban educated households. They were utile in conveying adult females out of their places. giving them an chance to run into other adult females. making beneficent work. promoting them to take an involvement in public personal businesss and therefore broadening their skyline. It besides gave them the experience of pull offing an organisation. Decision In position of this a historical survey of adult females becomes of import in or der to bring forth cognition about adult females. These may be utile in polishing the development schemes followed in the yesteryear. Womans were considered equal to work forces during the Vedic period. During the British period high individuals like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar laid accent on women’s instruction in India. The adult females jobs to rapidly action of the authorities. The human development index and gender development and so uncover the advancement of adult females in footings of the life. The Indian Government was womens extremely places of phases in all Fieldss. Mentions1. Altekar. A. S. . the Position of Women in Hindu Civilization. Motilal Banarsidas. Delhi. 1959. 2. Deckard. Barbara Sinclair. Women’s Movement Political. Socio-economic and psychological issues Harper and Row. New York. 1975. 3. Kalpana Das Gupta. Women on the India Scene. Abhinav Publications. Delhi. 1976. 4. Kuppu Swamy B. . Social Change in India. Vikas Publications. New Delhi. 1972. 5. Mathew. M. . and Nair. M. S. . Women’s Organisations and Womens Interest. Ashish Publishing House. New Delhi. 1986

Pip Pirrup and Great Expectations essays

Pip Pirrup and Great Expectations essays Great Expectations is a novel of growth, understanding and life. Throughout the novel we see Pip Pirrup develop from a lonely young boy, to an ambitious boy, to an idle teen and finally a mature adult. Pip goes through a variety of events that help him develop the qualities that lead to him acquiring those of a mature, responsible and kind adult but more important than the events throughout his life are the people that convey these traits and cultivate them within Pip. From Joes unconditional love, to Wemmicks out of office kindness and general optimism and Herberts ambition for practical means, even Miss Havishams need for forgiveness and Estellas rejection provide Pip with the experiences he needs to become the adult he is. Pip was orphaned at an extremely young age, which would be traumatic for anyone but Pip is sent to live with his mean aunt Ms. Joe. Pip who is in need of love, guidance and friendship finds none within Ms. Joe, but luckily her husband Joe becomes a father figure for Pip and tries to instill values within him. Pip loves Joe back as he explains, But I loved Joeperhaps for no better reason than because the dear fellow let me love him (40 Dickens). Joe cares deeply for Pip and tries to do everything in his power to provide for him. Joe swells with pride as a father would when watching Pip read and write and tries to learn because he knows that is what Pip would want. Aside from Joes unconditional love and kindness, Joe also tries to teach Pip the skill of blacksmithing despite Pips disinterest. When offered the premium from Miss Havisham, Joe cannot decline it but is persistent in making sure that they both understand that he is teaching Pip out of love and not for money. Pip eventuall y has higher aspirations that Joe cannot provide or help with and Pip begins to resent Joe for his lack of class and intelligence. Pip at this point means no harm to those around hi...

30 Wordy Phrases Beginning with In

30 Wordy Phrases Beginning with In 30 Wordy Phrases Beginning with â€Å"In† 30 Wordy Phrases Beginning with â€Å"In† By Mark Nichol Among the scores of verbose constructions that can be whittled down (usually) to one word with no loss of, and often with a net gain in, clarity are those phrases in the following sentences beginning with in. The replacement words are not necessarily the only (or the best) choices, and the sentences could be further refined, but employ this list to help you be on the lookout for that is, be aware of phrases like the ones presented below. They need not be automatically excised, but examine your writing for an abundance of such prolixity, and revise at your discretion. 1. Please submit your report in advance of the meeting. Please submit your report before the meeting. 2. We received a check in the amount of $1,000. We received a check for $1,000. 3. We’re implementing this policy in an effort to streamline our process. We’re implementing this policy to streamline our process. 4. Which section is this question in connection with? Which section is this question about? 5. Do not use in excess of the recommended dosage. Do not use more than the recommended dosage. 6. Are you in favor of the new system, or do you oppose it? Are you for the new system, or do you oppose it? 7. Use Form BFF in lieu of Form OMG. Use Form BFF instead of Form OMG. 8-9. Improvement will be noted in most cases (or instances). Improvement will usually be noted. 10. They have changed the procedure in order to reduce the necessary steps. They have changed the procedure to reduce the necessary steps. 11. She is attending the meeting in place of her vacationing supervisor. She is attending the meeting for her vacationing supervisor. 12. I am in possession of damning evidence. I have damning evidence. 13. They are in proximity to the epicenter. They are close to the epicenter. 14. We are in receipt of your letter. We received your letter. 15-17. I wasn’t sure what the question was in reference to (or regard to or in relation to). I wasn’t sure what the question was about. 18. You will notice these side effects in some instances. You will sometimes notice these side effects. 19. In spite of the fact that the box was clearly labeled, he could not find it. Although the box was clearly labeled, he could not find it. 20. In terms of reducing costs, the strategy has been a failure. The strategy has been a failure in reducing costs. 21. In the absence of Smith as manager, Jones was left in charge. Without Smith as manager, Jones was left in charge. 22. In the case of duplication, rename the older file and place it in the Archive folder. If duplication occurs, rename the older file and place it in the Archive folder. 23. We were speaking in the context of yesterday’s discussion. We were speaking about yesterday’s discussion. 24. In the course of the session, little progress was made. During the session, little progress was made. 25. In the event that no decision is made, the current procedure will remain in effect. If no decision is made, the current procedure will remain in effect. 26. In the final analysis, it is up to us to decide. Ultimately, it is up to us to decide. 27. He will return in the near future. He will return soon. 28. It took in the neighborhood of two weeks to complete. It took about two weeks to complete. 29. They are in the vicinity of the headquarters now. They are near the headquarters now. 30. In view of the fact that you suggested it, I think you should propose it. Because you suggested it, I think you should propose it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-EfficientAnyone vs. EveryoneCaptain vs. Master

Planning Alliances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Planning Alliances - Essay Example The first issue is that the management teams do not have substantial approaches that guarantee comprehensive utilization of these systems. Despite the multiple advancements in technology, particularly in working with distance, management teams do not put in the necessary resources in making the best out of combined efforts in information technology. Definitely, if management focused on utilizing IT in developing strategic alliances among organizations, it would enhance their competition statures. Notably, apart from those management teams that fail in utilizing IT at all in their alliances, there are those that recognize the different management information systems and information reporting systems as essential facets of the alliances but only focus on exploiting the resources of a single organization alone. This is not only a factor of limitation but also affects the utilization factor. Combined resources in form of MISs, work teams and information technology knowledge are more efficient for alliances but management teams overlook the factors of integration and sharing in strategic partnerships. Among the core objectives of strategic alliances is using the difference to come up with an effective compromise on markets, customers, processes and culture (Thomas 2004). This aspect also applies in information technology systems. Most companies that are IT oriented insist on integration of systems and sharing of information; however, the management teams waste a lot of time and attention on approaches to minimize conflict and reach agreement. Instead of focusing on how to make the systems compatible or evaluating the integration as the main issues, the partners focus on the flaws of the opposing systems and reasons why the integration should not happen. The most efficient approach to integration of information technology in strategic alliances is putting commendable focus on execution and maintenance rather than wasting energy and time on the

Cause and effect essay on the Dred Scott decision - 1

Cause and effect on the Dred Scott decision - Essay Example This made Scott to consider the decision of appealing against the ruling, in which case, Justice McLean ruled that the fact that denying Scott justice because he was not a US citizen was less of a matter of law but more of taste (Schwarz 102). This decision brought about major changes in the political, social and economic arenas in the United States. Dred Scott’s decision had economic causes and effects in the United States. According to Calomiris and Schweikart (21), the decision that denying the slaves justice was more of taste than legal caused a lot of uncertainty (1987) as to whether the whole of the West would be engulfed by slaves like Kansas, and this gripped the markets. The railroads on East West Bonds immediately collapsed and in turn, many large banks nearly collapsed. Another cause of this economic effect was that the branch banking system in the South, which was superior, came to be comparable to the North’s unit banking (Calomiris and Schweikart 43). Panic transmission was however minor, because of diversification of branch banking systems in the south. However, the movement of information among branch banks was reliable while that of the competitors in the North’s unit banks seldom shared important information. In the broader perspective, the southerners were convinced by the panic that white s are kings, and hence, they had no reason to economically fear the North, unless there was a move to end the slavery. The political effect of Dred Scotts’ decision was caused by the Missouri Compromise repeal which was successfully sought by politicians of the Democratic Party. that lead to the passing of the Act of Kansas-Nebraska (Calomiris and Schweikart 47). The act allowed every 40th parallel new state in the south to solely determine whether to be a free or slave state. The Supreme Court, with Dred Scott, under Taney looked for ways

The AKA language was protected from outside influence Essay Example for Free

The AKA language was protected from outside influence Essay The writer started his article by describing a group of people called Tuvans, who lives in a remote area in the Republic of Tuva, in Russian Federation. The importance of this group came from the fact that they are speaking Tuvan, a language consider by linguists to be among a group of languages that are considered to be on the edge of extinction because of the low numbers of people that speak it. The earth population speak approximately 7000 languages. Tuvan is among the 3500 small languages that are spoken only by 8. 25 million people in the entire world, which is a very low fraction of the seven billion people who inhabit the earth. On the other hand, seventy eight percent of the earth population are speaking only 85 languages, Mandarin, Spanish, and English are among the top spoken languages on the globe. Linguist predicted that in the next century almost half of the spoken languages may vanish, and at this point more than 1000 languages are considered on the extinction. The writer mentioned the reasons that lead to this languages dilemma. He mentioned the effect of the dominant languages, that controls communications and commerce, on the small one that do not have any defense mechanism, like television or currency, to protect its existence. Because of that the people of Tuva must speak Russian or Chinese if they want to stay in contact with the outside world. The writer then mentioned another endangered languages known as AKA, the native language of AKA people in Plaizi a small village in India. The writer describe its people as a very self-dependent people that produce everything they need in their daily life. The AKA language was protected from outside influence because of the location of the village that makes it very difficult for outsiders to reach it. The authors then described two trends in the field of linguistics. The first one is based on the theory of Noam Chomsky who mentioned that all languages came from one single origin which is fixed in the human genes. The second trend is the increase interest in small endangered languages around the world, and how the field linguists are interested in idiosyncrasies that distinguish each language from the others and the cultural effects on it. There are 85 percent of the needs to be documented in order to understand it, and the main reason for this documentation comes from the fact that each language contains unique human experiences that reveals many aspects of life . The writer declared very important point regarding the loss of any language. His main idea was based on the fact that every language contains a valuable information about the culture and the knowledge that accumulated from generation to generation in this culture. The author gave us another example of vanishing languages which is the Cmiique Itiom, a language used by the Seri in Mexico and how their language contains the knowledge that is important for all humans. Cmiique Itiom managed to preserved its original form without any outside interference . The Seri managed to keep their language untouched mainly because their hostility to the outsiders. Even the modern commodities likes cars the Seri managed to bring it to their culture but they used for it a unique names that merged from their own language so they never used there Spanish names. The writer mentioned a way to preserved the vanishing languages which is to: â€Å"†¦ enshrine it in writing and compile a dictionary. †. He gave an examples for linguists that worked in those kind of projects like David Harrison and Greg Anderson who compiled the first Tuvan- English dictionary. Also, Steve and Cathay Marlett who worked to finish Cmiique Itiom dictionary, but the writer mentioned very important point which is stated in page 86 : â€Å"But saving a language is not something linguists can accomplish, because salvation must come from within. †. The salvation must come from the people who are using this language by teaching it to the next generation, and also by using dictionaries and books to preserve it and keeping it active as long there is something to speak about it. Writer Choices The writer starts his article by using a story as a hook for the readers, to grab their attention for the rest of the article, and he kept telling the readers different stories about the people he met during his travel. The writer also used creative language ,like figurative language which includes metaphor in many places in the article, and he also used compare and contrast in many other places . Numbers was used by the writers to support his main idea, he mentioned a specific numbers related to the languages in the first page. Visuals aid had been used by the writer to illustrate the subject of his article in a very professional way, yet it was very simple and effective, we can see that from the beautiful pictures for all the people that he met during his trip. Reflection on the Reading Process I found the article hard to read at the beginning, but after using SQ4R and reading the article in class for many times it became much easier for me to understand, and this make the whole process of reading very interesting. The language used not always clear, with difficult word as shown below: Nomadic: roaming about from place to place aimlessly, frequently, or without a fixed pattern of movement. Proselytize: to try to persuade people to join a religion, cause, or group. Dwindle: to gradually become smaller. Thatch: to make (a roof) with dried plant material (called thatch). Supplant: to supersede (another) especially by force or treachery. Atelier: a room where an artist works. Propitious: likely to have or produce good results. Reading process included: Skimming and Skamming ,summarize the article and annotate the key points in it, and SQ4R. Reaction Languages is the soul of human civilizations. The connection between the two of them is very similar to the relationship between human soul and body because without the sole the body will surely collapse because humans need their soul to drive the physical body and to keep him from perishing. In contrast, language plays the same role in people collective awareness about their on existence in the society and culture. Language is the invisible glue that hold the culture pieces together, and without this glue everything will collapse. It’s the strong foundation that up hold the society structures and grant it the strength to resist any outside threats. Why the language is so important? Because it’s the memory of the society. This memory is the experiences and knowledge that transferred from generation to generation until it reached this point in time, and no it will very hard to live without our memories. Losing any language would be similar to someone who lost his own memory. The only thing he can do is to embrace a new experiences and knowledge, and to start accumulating new memories about his new life. Unfortunately, it is the same thing for languages, when the people abandon their own language in favor for new ones they will lose their cultural experiences and knowledge. They will eventually lose their own identity that distinguished them from the rest of humans. Finally, losing any language on earth would be a lost for humanity in general because we will lose our diversity that make life on earth interesting . I think life with one color would be very tedious, and for life to be interesting it should contain whole spectrum of color. Spinoff Topics One of the spinoff topics would be a to study the individuals that abandon their own language and how they adopt with their new languages and cultures.

The Role of Action in the Development of Ethical Certainties :: Psychology Psychological Essays

The Role of Action in the Development of Ethical Certainties In any conscient human action it is always given a motive which leads us to act with one orientation instead of another. This is what, in a certain sense, allows us to say that we choose what we want or what fulfils our expectations in terms of the limits of the given circumstances. There is always the search for a benefit related to what we consider preferable, and this is so called delimited by what it signifies for us. In the end, it has an origin that supports our elections, and give the basis to have reasons for justifying these elections. This line of reflection has to be of use not only to understand the meaning of our actions in order to satisfy our current necessities, but it can also help to clarify the scope and content of the ethical discourse. That is, we orient our behavior on the basis of certain convictions we take for granted, which, in principle, we cannot ignore if maybe we want to make decisions showing our ethical preferences. An exhaustive analysis of our behavior will have as a result a final point beyond which we cannot go. In a certain sense, we can give reasons for any of our acts, that is, we can justify why we act that way instead of another; we can explain the motives which, from the ethical point of view, lead us to orient our decisions in one sense or another. Nevertheless, if the analysis is rigorous enough, we will reach some propositions the justification of which will not be possible; rather, they are the foundations for any justification. To justify a decision means that one has reasons to specify why he/she did so. Why he/she preferred doing this instead of any other possibility. The end we reach in the analysis of our behavior is a sort of rocky floor beyond which it is senseless going on. This rocky floor is the basic certainties on which our conduct is structured and grounded. Then, we could ask ourselves about why we call them certainties. It is obvious that to act we need to assume — or take for granted — something to depart from. Their central character resides precisely in that we cannot negate such certainties we assume, given the peculiar relation of them with the rest of our behavior.

Human Resources Profession Map (HRPM) Essay

The Human Resources Profession Map (HRPM) was created to explain how HR adds value; it was designed by a collaboration of both specialist and generalists working in the UK and globally across private and public sectors. The HRPM was developed by the CIPD. The design of the HRPM is to be relevant and applicable to HR professionals operating anywhere in the world, all sectors and in organisations of any shape or size. It captures what skills are required for effective and successful HR. There are 4 bands which relate to professional competencies; they define the contribution that professionals make at every stage of their HR career. The key areas of these bands include service and relationship with clients, activities performed by HR, where time is spent and how contribution and success is measured. The band summaries are: Band 1: Support administration and processes, is customer orientated. Band 2: Advises and manages HR issues. Band 3: Lead and consult, addressing key HR change at organisation level. Band 4: Lead and Manage professional areas, developing and delivering HR strategy. The HRPM is made up of 10 professional areas, 2 of these are the core of the map. Diagram? At the very core is â€Å"Insight, Strategy and Solutions†. It is at the core it is awareness of the business and developing actionable insights and solutions. Secondly is â€Å"Leading and Managing the HR Functions†. This is owning and shaping to insight-led leading, including working with financials such as budgeting while managing HR performance. Its design it to meet needs and priorities. The 8 other professional area segments identity the activities and knowledge that are required to provide specialist support, these are applicable not only internally but also externally. Organisational Design: Structure changes, delivering organisational objectives. Organisation Development: Workforce focused for organisational strategic ambitions. Resource and Talent Planning: Focusing on attracting the right people. Learning and Development: Combined commercial and HR expertise to bring value. Performance and Reward: Delivering programmes that recognise and reward. Employee Engagement: Prioritises employment experience  ensuring there needs are met. Employee Relations: Areas such as policies and procedures, employment law. Service Delivery and Information: Ensuring HR delivery is accurate and timely. The outer circle of the HRPM shows the behaviours which describe how activities should be carried out. Curious: Future focused Decisive Thinker: Analyses, understands data to make defend-able decisions Skilled Influencer: Pursues the organisations values Personally Credible: Builds and delivers professionalism. Collaborative: Efficient with a wide range of people Driven to Deliver: Determined and resourceful Courage to Challenge: Confident, speaks up skilfully Role Model: Leads by example In conclusion the HRPM can be used as a tool to identify your immediate and future development needs. 1.2  This section will comment on the professional area â€Å"Employee Relations† within band 2. My role is fundamentally HR. Practising HR in the company I focus on ensuring services I provide are timely and effective by having knowledge to provide excellent customer services. As a band 2 employee my duties include ensuring values and behavioural expectations permeate through the organisations processes, policies and literature. My main focus when dealing with these topics is to get the relevant documentation in order I receive a vast amount of face to face queries and phone calls from all types of employees with a wide range of topics including salary/payroll related queries. I have been with the company nearly 3 years and demonstrate band 2 skills often; I have learnt the evaluation processes and solutions available. This is why I became the key contact for HR. I always start by gathering all the facts and listening to the employee and try to indicate a time frame when I expect to get back to them. If I can’t meet that I will let them know before it reaches that time. I then access resources such as CIPD website, SAGE helpdesk, HMRC and Internet to prepare correctly documentation. When preparing any documentation which would include employment law I have these checked with senior staff although I solely draft these. At band 2 not all the behaviour’s may apply, I would show the following in this professional area: Driven to deliver: Staff issues are  challenging therefore I will investigate these to the best of my ability ensuring the best outcome for the organisation but using empathy to employees. Personally credible: I keep documentation consistent by using standard company templates/formatting as well as making sure they are sent timely and delivering professionalism to both em ployees and company. Courage to Challenge: I have good relationships with senior management and ensure I check my facts so I can challenge things appropriately. 2.1 – 2.3 My role is key for the business I need to be accurate about company policies and systems; I must get it right first time. This has been a huge part of my role recently due to quick expansion which also included a new office. Before this expansion I was the sole administration from day to day operation to HR queries. My aims are the focus of improving our company HR and gaining the tools to make this happen. The expansion included TUPE-ing 10 site workers, I emphasise with their grievances and aim to handle these complaints in constructive ways, It is a good forum to gather ideas which might help improve our procedures. Employees: I deal with various needs, from the early recruitment process, current staff to staff leaving. The main are Payroll related. The focus of my job is ensuring the Payroll is correct, we run 3 separate Payrolls all have complexities like expenses, overtime. By communicating and reminding colleagues when Payroll is running keeps any conflicting needs to a minimu m for other work demands. My main method of communication with the employees is telephone. For issues that need documentation such as salary increases, missed overtime are put in writing and I am strict in not running updates without documentation. I scan anything like this to relevant records. The advantage to phone calls can be normally the employee is away from the team mates and the office is clearer delivery about any issues. The disadvantage to phone calls is you can’t always get the best feeling for a sensitive situation without reading the body language. Candidates: Recruitment is usually relatively steady; however the last 7 months recruitment was/is busy. The workforce has doubled. The main method of communication within recruitment is phone calls and SMS messages, due to the industry we operate applicants won’t tend to be around email. My phone number is the source for all recruitment enquiries. I need to be sensible with my time as phone calls can take a lot of time out  the day if not planned properly. For example should I be setting up an interview I use a pre written SMS/text messaged so I add candidate information and send. This reduces long phone calls and candidates respond well to a message with all the information they need. To internal staff I run a HR calendar on outlook add any appointments send interviews to all relevant team leaders/office managers with reminders. It allows me to inform multiple people quickly making better use of my time. All team leaders/supervisors operate Smart Phones allowing this to be a tool that I can use well do to this. As my role involves many areas I budget my time accordingly to be as cost effective as possible. This is something I have learnt to be aware of while working for a small company. I also take advantage of any cost effective resources such as the Job Centre w ebsite. The advantages to phone calls are you get a better understanding of the person and can getter a better understanding of their job background to ensure they correct interviewer performs the interview. The disadvantage to phone calls can be during recruitment periods my day can be very disruptive to me so I try and pre plan for these occasions. Directors: There are two directors with the company, one is operational and the other is more financial/back office. Both of them have equally important demanding tasks which I have to balance my time around. I keep both directors informed with tasks I am dealing with mainly by email. I have weekly meetings with a director, this is the place I address more complex HR issues. For a disciplinary issue I can get the best understanding of the facts as it will be a face to face conversation The advantage to meetings is they are open conversations so I can prepare all HR documentation accordingly and with all the facts. I can take documents I have prepared to these meetings, in order to check the director is happy and that any legal requirements are covered. I learn how the documents requirements are discussing these face to face. The disadvantage can me sometimes you can’t address important issues untill it is time for a weekly meeting.

Comparing and Contrasting the Lottery and Young Goodman

In the story, The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson, is written in a historical point of view. â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon. † Their main food source is corn and to make sure that the corn will come they have to have human sacrifices. If they don't they say â€Å"First thing you know, we'd all be eating stewed chickweed and acorns. † The corn doesn't come if they don't have human sacrifices and they have to eat other food than corn. Shirley Jackson wrote this in a cultural form in this passage. Jackson uses irony and comedy in her story, about how weak human individuals are.In the story, Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, writes in a more linguistic way. He uses many descriptive words and figures of speech. â€Å"There may be a devilish Indian behind every tree. † Nathaniel is talking about there being bad things around every corner in life. â€Å"What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow! † Nathaniel explains everything so well in his writing and he seems very smart with the words that he uses. Goodman Brown believes that the devil is taking over the minds of the people he loves.Nathaniel Hawthorne explains that Goodman Brown believes in the goodness of people until he meets the devil. In the stories, The Lottery and Young Goodman Brown, they both are very different but then yet very similar. These stories are different because Shirley Jackson writes in a cultural form and Nathaniel Hawthorne writes in a linguistic form. They both are very good writes and explain things well. Jackson's writing is deep and kind of dark. Hawthorn’s is very dark especially when Goodman Brown is in the woods. Both of these stories and authors are very good at their work.

Business Strategy Essay Example

Business Strategy Essay Example Business Strategy Essay Business Strategy Essay He has an MBA in Marketing Management from the University of Western Sydney and he has an MA in Knowledge Management from the University of Technology, Sydney. His research focuses on Power, Control and Influence in inter-firm relationships, as well as strategy and organizational theory more generally. Catalogue entry This is an integrating module. The module discusses key concepts of strategy and provides a range of analytical models that enable students to make sense of the complexity of the environment in which organizations operate. It builds upon students prior knowledge of the functional areas of organizations and relates such knowledge to issues of strategic development. Aims This module aims to: Inform students of the key developments in, and thinking derived from, the study of strategy Explore models and theories of strategy and their application by practicing managers Critically appraise where and when such models are useful Provide interesting and engaging examples and exercises that illustrate these concepts with the intent of building students capability in strategic thinking and practice. Learning outcomes Knowledge On completion of this module the successful student will be able to demonstrate the ability to: 1. Critically analyses the concepts, theoretical ideas and empirical research endings which underpin the study and management practice of strategy; 2. Evaluate and apply these concepts, theoretical ideas and empirical findings to develop their own views on strategic decision making in organizations; 3. Explain the notion of sustainable competitive advantage and the implications of strategy-making within a dynamic environment; 4. Demonstrate an advanced understanding of international strategic management 5. Demonstrate an advanced understanding of the complexity in implementing and managing change. Skills This module Will call for the successful student to demonstrate: 6. Strategic thinking through reflection on organizational practice and applied work on case studies; 7. The ability to apply concepts, frameworks and techniques pertaining to the strategic analysis process; 8. The ability to generate strategy options for an enterprise and evaluate strategic choice and organizational fit. Syllabus 1. What is Strategy? An appreciation of strategy 2. Making a Start. Purpose, goals and where to start in a messy process 3. External Analysis: PESTLE and Future Thinking Industry lifestyle, competitiveness and profitability 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. SIBS Strategy: From a market/customer perspective Internal Audit: Resources and capabilities Generic strategies and value chain analysis Organizational Culture: Influence on strategy formulation and implementation Managing strategic change Making Strategy Happen: Measuring performance International Strategy 10. Putting it all together Programmer Learning Outcomes Addressed in This Module Knowledge and understanding Cognitive skills Practical skills AY The core business of firms and its relationship to strategic management 82 Apply and critically evaluate the impact Of management models, concepts and theories in organizational environments CO Undertake research to address strategic and other management issues within organizations AS The theory and practice of business in international contexts 83 Evaluate options using appropriate decision-making criteria including the use of financial tools. CO Conduct strategic organizational analysis to identify key strategic problems and develop solutions AY The role of entrepreneurship, enterprise and consultancy in the business environment 86 Analyses and develop diverse investigative methodologies to apply to solve organizational management problems CO Undertake critical analyses to develop, plan and recommend implementation of strategic decisions. Teaching and learning strategies Learning on this module will involve a mix of the following activities: Reading from the set text Reading recommended additional readings and papers Case study analysis Applying your own experience and knowledge to theories and concepts Group activities Watching selected video clips and presentations Completing assignments The learning strategy will develop the capability of students to understand theoretical frameworks and apply them to the industry to develop a deeper understanding of its operation. Concepts will be developed in a generic intent and then applied to industry, in combination with knowledge gained in other modules. It is important to stress that the module will provide broad frameworks for understanding ; comprehensive coverage is neither intended nor appropriate at this level. Assessment of Module Learning Outcomes Outcome Coursework 1 Coursework 2 Online Participation x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Assessment scheme coursework 1: case study (40%) RED sometimes referred to as (Product) RED, was created in 2006 as a form Of creative capitalism: an organization that collaborates with some of the worlds best known corporate brands but for a charitable purpose. RED) is global organization that administers and promotes an umbrella brand ((RED) that member corporations may use for their products and then pay back into the Global Fund to fight Aids, tuberculosis and malaria in Africa. Now read the case study about (product) RED, a global organization set up for a charitable purpose, found on page 152-154 of the core text Johnson G. , Schools K. Whetting, R. , 2011, Exploring Strategy, Text Cases, FT Prentice Hall, 9th edition (also available online in Unit 2). After this reflect on the following questions about the case, and write your answers in a short port (using the template below). You should feel free to discuss the questions in your syndicate, but the work you submit must be your own individual work! If the work resembles too much that of your colleagues it will be deemed to be plagiarisms). 1 . Drawing on the three perspectives in the Key Debate or the four stances in Table 4. 2 (4. 4 for the 8th edition) of the core reference text, what is the rationale of: a) The founders of (product) RED? B) The Director of Social Responsibility for GAP? C) The author Of the article in The Times? 2. What views might shareholders of GAP have on (product) RED? . In your view is (product) RED an appropriate corporate activity? 4. How can (product) RED contribute to the competitive advantage of a firm? You should submit your work online by Sunday 10th November 2013. Please ensure that the total word count is no more than 2500 words. You will not be penalized if the word count is less quality matters more than quantity. You will be penalized though if your work is substantially bigger than 2500 words. Coursework 2: Integrating Planning Approaches (50%) The deadline by which the assessment must be presented to the University is Sunday 8th December 2013. This task is about demonstrating your understanding of the models we have discussed over the last weeks and, exploring uncertainty further. We ask you to do the following: 1. Define your (chosen) industry (be sure to identify your specific industry segment within this broadly defined industry). 2. Conduct a PESTLE analysis of your (chosen) industry, using this to identify the key drivers for change over the next 5-10 years. 3. Use an impact-uncertainty matrix to identify two critical uncertainties, and use these in turn to identify four scenarios (as in the ex. diagram found in Illustration 2, p. 3 in Johnson, Schools Whetting (2011) or the ex. diagram found in Illustration 2, p. 58 in Johnson, Schools Whetting (2008)). . Answer the question: What strategic issues do these scenarios raise for your (chosen) company or organization? DO this by conducting a 5 forces analysis of your (chosen) industry today, and predicting how each of the five forces would be influenced in your 4 scenarios. Then comment on strategic issues for your (chosen) company. The assessment is asking you to bring the three types of analyses (PESTLE Scenarios, 5 forces) together such that you analyses the effects of your chosen scenarios on your (chosen) organization, using the five forces model. You will need to ask yourself questions like: Will any changes in regulations affect entry barriers (as deregulation has in the short haul airline business) for example? What impact might the economic environment have on buyer or supplier power? What strategic issues are raised for your (chosen) business? To ensure maximum marks it is important that you argue your choices, backing these up with clear data or other sources. We would like to see evidence of research on the subject going beyond what you simply know. The word limit is 2,500 words, and any word count more than 10% above this will result in lower marks. Appendices are allowed as extra words [for diagrams and illustrations]. Mark allocation [1 Choice of drivers for change (including quality of research behind this) 20% [2] Impact/uncertainty matrix and correct identification of 4 scenarios 20% [3] Five forces model today completed correctly [4] Five forces model changes under 4 scenarios [5] Consideration of issues for your chosen company and future strategy 20% Virtual Learning Environment Participation (10%) Participation in online discussions and activities is mandatory. Participation will be assessed at the end of the module. Plagiarism Plagiarism is not accepted in any coursework. If you are uncertain as to what constitutes plagiarism, please refer to the Middlesex University plagiarism policy (usually available on Minibus) as well as the guidelines on the Library Services web pages: http://nubbin. Mad. AC. UK/study/library/index. Asps Communication and Contact Information Announcements regarding this module will normally be made by email and online announcement on Minibus. Please ensure that you regularly read your university e-mail and are thus kept informed of any changes / placements. Staff Contact The module leader is Dry. Stephan Bijoux who is available to deal with any queries regarding the teaching and assessment of this module. However, most queries can be dealt with by the tutors in the syndicate area. If you wish to contact the module leader or your tutors please use one of the following methods: a) Send an email to your tutor or the module leader. B) Phone your module tutor or module leader. C) Post any questions you have on your syndicates discussion board, or in the general module discussion area. If you feel your question has not been deiced by the tutor, please follow up with an email.

How to Calculate Density of a Gas

How to Calculate Density of a Gas Density is mass per unit volume. Finding the density of a gas is the same as finding the density of a solid or liquid. You have to know the mass and the volume of the gas. The tricky part with gases is that you are often given pressures and temperatures with no mention of volume. You have to figure it out from the other information. This example problem will show how to calculate density of a gas when given the type of gas, the pressure, and the temperature. Question: What is the density of oxygen gas at 5 atm and 27  °C? First, lets write down what we know: Gas is oxygen gas or O2.Pressure is 5 atmTemperature is 27  °C Lets start with the Ideal Gas Law formula. PV nRT whereP pressureV volumen number of moles of gasR gas constant (0.0821 L ·atm/mol ·K)T absolute temperature If we solve the equation for volume, we get: V (nRT)/P We know everything we need to find the volume now except the number of moles of gas. To find this, remember the relationship between number of moles and mass. n m/MM wheren number of moles of gasm mass of gasMM molecular mass of the gas This is helpful since we needed to find the mass and we know the molecular mass of oxygen gas. If we substitute for n in the first equation, we get: V (mRT)/(MMP) Divide both sides by m: V/m (RT)/(MMP) But density is m/V, so flip the equation over to get: m/V (MMP)/(RT) density of the gas. Now we need to insert the values we know. MM of oxygen gas or O2 is 1616 32 grams/moleP 5 atmT 27  °C, but we need absolute temperature.TK TC 273T 27 273 300 K m/V (32 g/mol  Ã‚ · 5 atm)/(0.0821 L ·atm/mol ·K  · 300 K)m/V 160/24.63 g/Lm/V 6.5 g/L Answer: The density of the oxygen gas is 6.5 g/L.

Critical analysis of a case scenario from CaseWorld Essay

Critical analysis of a case scenario from CaseWorld - Essay Example pains while she was doing her dishes in the morning.In Mrs Elizabeth Green’s case, most of the risk factors are presented in her history, including genetic outcomes. In the case study, the family history reveals that Mrs Green’s mother suffered from cardiac disease, and artery blockages run in the family. However, despite knowledge of potential risk factors, the role of genetics cannot be confirmed with certainty, as genetic testing on this front is not yet available. It is more likely that Mrs Green will develop notable adverse outcomes after the coronary angioplasty, including neurovascular complications and stroke. According to the clinical guidelines of the Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, monitoring the neurovascular status of a patient is mandatory in order to ensure that neurovascular compromise or deterioration is recognized early. The clinical guidelines define neurovascular as the overall functioning and structural formation of the combined nervous and vascular systems. Delays in recognizing a loss of neurovascular function post–coronary angioplasty could result in a loss of limbs, permanent deficits or even death. For an RN or clinical facility, such outcomes could constitute clinical negligence, which could lead to law suits against the facility for professional negligence or even ethical disciplinary proceedings by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia for failing to provide nursing care according to documented treatment or care plans. Indeed, the board’s national competency standards for RNs require them to use all available evidence, including report s, records and personal experience or knowledge, for the provision and coordination of care. The standard nursing practice is to provide neurovascular assessment and observation for patients who have some form of musculoskeletal trauma or are in the post-operative stages of health care. According to the case, Mrs Green had just undergone cardiac catheterization. According to

Influence of Religion on Developing Societies Research Paper - 1

Influence of Religion on Developing Societies - Research Paper Example Research has shown that one of the most significant contributions that any religion makes to societal development is by playing its role as a means of enforcing morality to society members. In societies where there is a prevalent belief in God and a substantial number of the members of society are religious, the moral value of integrity is also prevalent. As such, the resources in such societies are more likely to be fairly distributed to all members of society; this is because those who are in charge of the distribution of resources work with integrity. In a society that is prevalently religious, members of such societies are less likely to be distrustful of firms/companies’ ethics since such companies also have ‘religious’ employees who share similar moral values. While this may be a quite naà ¯ve outlook, such trust may also create a suitable business environment, which enhances development in a society.In his book ‘The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism’, Max Weber advances the idea that the work ethics that were instilled to European societies during and after the Protestant Reformation in the church played a major role in the development of capitalist ideals, which led to the rapid economic development in Europe and America. According to Weber, the Reformation emphasized moral values, such as hard work, austerity, frugality, and loyalty to interests of the group. These values, according to Weber, were the cornerstone of capitalism, which led to intensified economic development.

Compare three companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare three companies - Essay Example 1 in the overall mobile phone market; with its revenues skyrocketing and sales to end users growing 19 percent in the second quarter of 2013 .This paper is an attempt to identify the key tactics and measures adopted by Samsung to reach the top slot of consumer market all over the world. Apple and Samsung have been rivals of each other over a number of years for acquiring the entitlement for the best Smartphone manufacturer. In the recent past, Apple has convincingly won the best Smartphone provider in the past years. After the loss of its iconic mastermind Steve Job, Apple has lost its hold on the market and is receiving tough competition from Samsung. Samsung, on the other hand, has shot to fame by breaking his own previous sales records by consistently improving the quality of its smartphones, giving high-quality products like the Samsung Galaxy and giving lots of new features with every version of its smart phone range. Although Sony is not far behind but it will take time to comp ete on an equal scale with Samsung. Sony had established its name quite firmly in the television, LCD, LED, gadgets, and cellphone manufacturing industry but Samsung has now taken the lead in this context and is capturing the TV market by developing LED, LCD with more advanced technology and more user friendly features under reasonable rates. After the not so successful launch of iPhone5, Apple has quietly predicted that the new iPhone 5S will be the first ever Apple phone that has been created primarily to compete with Samsung and will give a tough competition in head to head sales. If both company’s latest smartphones are analyzed, then it becomes clear that the image of Samsung is in every way a step ahead from Apple because of its unique production techniques. It is important to have a comparison of iPhone5S and Samsung Galaxy S4 specs to understand the difference between the latest offerings from each vendor. Both these sets were introduced in 2013. DISPLAY Samsung Apple Physical size 5.0 inches 4.0 inches    Resolution 1080 x 1920 pixels 640 x 1136 pixels    Pixel density 441 ppi 326 ppi    Technology Super AMOLED IPS LCD    Colors 16 777 216 16 777 216    Touchscreen Capacitive, Multi-touch Capacitive, Multi-touch    Features Light sensor, Proximity sensor, Scratch-resistant glass (Corning Gorilla Glass) Light sensor, Proximity sensor    HARDWARE System chip Qualcomm Snapdragon 600 APQ8064T Apple A6    Processor Quad core, 1900 MHz, Krait 300 Dual core, 1300 MHz, Apple Swift    Graphics processor Adreno 320 PowerVR SGX543MP3    System memory 2048 MB RAM (Dual-channel) / LPDDR3 1016 MB RAM (Dual-channel, 1066 MHz) / LPDDR2    Built-in storage 16 GB 16 GB    Storage expansion microSD, microSDHC, microSDXC up to 64 GB       (Han) From the above comparison, it becomes clear that Samsung is taking the lead in almost every aspect related to producing a great and fully loaded smart phone. The only edge that iPhone 5s seem to have over Samsung’s Galaxy S4 is that iPhone tends to be much lighter but still Samsung’s S4 offers so much more and is also having a handy look to suit all sorts of customers. The strange thing which is noticed by the users of android is that the new version of Apple ios7 is almost a replica to the android users, which is a controversial topic. It is crystal clear that the iPhone is actually adopting android interface software to give their iPhone a different look. The new version of

Moduation Techniques | An Overview

Moduation Techniques | An Overview The evolution of wireless cellular technology from 1G to 4G has a similar aim that is capable to deliver high data rate signal so that it can transmit high bit rate multimedia content in cellular mobile communication. Thus, it has driven many researches into the application of higher order modulations. One of the focuses of this project is to study and compare the different types of Digital Modulation technique that widely being used in the LTE systems. Hence, before being able to design and evaluate this in computer simulation. A study is carried out on digital modulation and drilled down further on QPSK modulation schemes, and followed by the QAM modulation schemes. What is modulation? There are several definitions on modulation taken from several references as follows: Modulation is defined as the process by which a carrier wave is able to carry the message or digital signal (series of ones and zeroes). Modulation is the process of facilitating the transfer of information over a medium. Voice cannot be sent very far by screaming. To extend the range of sound, we need to transmit it through a medium other than air, such as a phone line or radio. The process of converting information (voice in this case) so that it can be successfully sent through a medium (wire or radio waves) is called modulation. Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal, typically a sinusoidal signal, in order to use that signal to convey information. One of the three key characteristics of a signal is usually modulated: its phase, frequency or amplitude. There are 2 types of modulations: Analog modulation and digital modulation. In analog modulation, an information-bearing analog waveform is impressed on the carrier signal for transmission whereas in digital modulation, an information-bearing discrete-time symbol sequence (digital signal) is converted or impressed onto a continuous-time carrier waveform for transmission. 2G wireless systems are realized using digital modulation schemes. Why Digital Modulation? The move to digital modulation provides more information capacity, compatibility with digital data services, higher data security, better quality communications, and quicker system availability. Developers of communications systems face these constraints: available bandwidth permissible power inherent noise level of the system The RF spectrum must be shared, yet every day there are more users for that spectrum as demand for communications services increases. Digital modulation schemes have greater capacity to convey large amounts of information than analog modulation schemes. Different types of Digital Modulation As mentioned in the previous chapter, there are three major classes of digital modulation techniques used for transmission of digitally represented data: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) All convey data by changing some aspect of a base signal, the carrier wave (usually a sinusoid) in response to a data signal. For ASK, FSK, and PSK the amplitude, frequency and phase are changed respectively. Bit rate and symbol rate To understand and compare different PSK and QAM modulation format efficiencies, it is important to first understand the difference between bit rate and symbol rate. The signal bandwidth for the communications channel needed depends on the symbol rate, not on the bit rate. Bit rate is the frequency of a system bit stream. Take, for example, a radio with an 8 bit sampler, sampling at 10 kHz for voice. The bit rate, the basic bit stream rate in the radio, would be eight bits multiplied by 10K samples per second or 80 Kbits per second. (For the moment we will ignore the extra bits required for synchronization, error correction, etc.). A Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) signal. The states can be mapped to zeros and ones. This is a common mapping, but it is not the only one. Any mapping can be used. The symbol rate is the bit rate divided by the number of bits that can be transmitted with each symbol. If one bit is transmitted per symbol, as with BPSK, then the symbol rate would be the same as the bit rate of 80 Kbits per second. If two bits are transmitted per symbol, as in QPSK, then the symbol rate would be half of the bit rate or 40 Kbits per second. Symbol rate is sometimes called baud rate. Note that baud rate is not the same as bit rate. These terms are often confused. If more bits can be sent with each symbol, then the same amount of data can be sent in a narrower spectrum. This is why modulation formats that are more complex and use a higher number of states can send the same information over a narrower piece of the RF spectrum. Phase Shift Keying (PSK) PSK is a modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (i.e. the phase of the carrier wave is changed to represent the data signal). A finite number of phases are used to represent digital data. Each of these phases is assigned a unique pattern of binary bits; usually each phase encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by the particular phase. There are two fundamental ways of utilizing the phase of a signal in this way: By viewing the phase itself as conveying the information, in which case the demodulator must have a reference signal to compare the received signals phase against; (PSK) or By viewing the change in the phase as conveying information differential schemes, some of which do not need a reference carrier (to a certain extent) (DPSK). A convenient way to represent PSK schemes is on a constellation diagram. This shows the points in the Argand plane where, in this context, the real and imaginary axes are termed the in-phase and quadrature axes respectively due to their 90 ° separation. Such a representation on perpendicular axes lends itself to straightforward implementation. The amplitude of each point along the in-phase axis is used to modulate a cosine (or sine) wave and the amplitude along the quadrature axis to modulate a sine (or cosine) wave. In PSK, the constellation points chosen are usually positioned with uniform angular spacing around a circle. This gives maximum phase-separation between adjacent points and thus the best immunity to corruption. They are positioned on a circle so that they can all be transmitted with the same energy. In this way, the moduli of the complex numbers they represent will be the same and thus so will the amplitudes needed for the cosine and sine waves. Two common examples are binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) which uses two phases, and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) which uses four phases, although any number of phases may be used. Since the data to be conveyed are usually binary, the PSK scheme is usually designed with the number of constellation points being a power of 2. Applications of PSK and QAM Owing to PSKs simplicity, particularly when compared with its competitor quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), it is widely used in existing technologies. The most popular wireless LAN standard, IEEE 802.11b, uses a variety of different PSKs depending on the data-rate required. At the basic-rate of 1 Mbit/s, it uses DBPSK. To provide the extended-rate of 2 Mbit/s, DQPSK is used. In reaching 5.5 Mbit/s and the full-rate of 11 Mbit/s, QPSK is employed, but has to be coupled with complementary code keying. The higher-speed wireless LAN standard, IEEE 802.11g has eight data rates: 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 54 Mbit/s. The 6 and 9 Mbit/s modes use BPSK. The 12 and 18 Mbit/s modes use QPSK. The fastest four modes use forms of quadrature amplitude modulation. The recently-standardised Bluetooth will use p / 4-DQPSK at its lower rate (2 Mbit/s) and 8-DPSK at its higher rate (3 Mbit/s) when the link between the two devices is sufficiently robust. Bluetooth 1 modulates with Gaussian minimum shift keying, a binary scheme, so either modulation choice in version 2 will yield a higher data-rate. A similar technology, ZigBee (also known as IEEE 802.15.4) also relies on PSK. ZigBee operates in two frequency bands: 868-915MHz where it employs BPSK and at 2.4GHz where it uses OQPSK. Notably absent from these various schemes is 8-PSK. This is because its error-rate performance is close to that of 16-QAM it is only about 0.5dB better but its data rate is only three-quarters that of 16-QAM. Thus 8-PSK is often omitted from standards and, as seen above, schemes tend to jump from QPSK to 16-QAM (8-QAM is possible but difficult to implement). QPSK QPSK is a multilevel modulation techniques, it uses 2 bits per symbol to represent each phase. Compared to BPSK, it is more spectrally efficient but requires more complex receiver. Constellation Diagram for QPSK The constellation diagram for QPSK with Gray coding. Each adjacent symbol only differs by one bit. Sometimes known as quaternary or quadriphase PSK or 4-PSK, QPSK uses four points on the constellation diagram, equispaced around a circle. With four phases, QPSK can encode two bits per symbol, shown in the diagram with Gray coding to minimize the BER twice the rate of BPSK. Figure 2.5 depicts the 4 symbols used to represent the four phases in QPSK. Analysis shows that this may be used either to double the data rate compared to a BPSK system while maintaining the bandwidth of the signal or to maintain the data-rate of BPSK but halve the bandwidth needed. Four symbols that represents the four phases in QPSK Although QPSK can be viewed as a quaternary modulation, it is easier to see it as two independently modulated quadrature carriers. With this interpretation, the even (or odd) bits are used to modulate the in-phase component of the carrier, while the odd (or even) bits are used to modulate the quadrature-phase component of the carrier. BPSK is used on both carriers and they can be independently demodulated. As a result, the probability of bit-error for QPSK is the same as for BPSK: However, with two bits per symbol, the symbol error rate is increased: If the signal-to-noise ratio is high (as is necessary for practical QPSK systems) the probability of symbol error may be approximated: As with BPSK, there are phase ambiguity problems at the receiver and differentially encoded QPSK is more normally used in practice. As written above, QPSK, are often used in preference to BPSK when improved spectral efficiency is required. QPSK utilizes four constellation points, each representing two bits of data. Again as with BPSK the use of trajectory shaping (raised cosine, root raised cosine etc) will yield an improved spectral efficiency, although one of the principle disadvantages of QPSK, as with BPSK, is the potential to cross the origin, that will generate 100% AM. QPSK is also known as a method for transmitting digital information across an analog channel. Data bits are grouped into pairs, and each pair is represented by a particular waveform, called a symbol, to be sent across the channel after modulating the carrier. QPSK is also the most commonly used modulation scheme for wireless and cellular systems. Its because it does not suffer from BER degradation while the bandwidth efficiency is increased. The QPSK signals are mathematically defined as: Implementation of QPSK QPSK signal can be implemented by using the equation stated below. The symbols in the constellation diagram in terms of the sine and cosine waves used to transmit them is being written below: This yields the four phases p/4, 3p/4, 5p/4 and 7p/4 as needed. As a result, a two-dimensional signal space with unit basis functions The first basis function is used as the in-phase component of the signal and the second as the quadrature component of the signal. Therefore, the signal constellation consists of the signal-space 4 points The factors of 1/2 show that the total power is divide evenly among the two carriers. QPSK systems can be implemented in a few ways. First, the dual data stream is divided into the in-phase and quadrature-phase components. These are then independently modulated onto two orthogonal basis functions. In this implementation, two sinusoids are used. Next, the two signals are superimposed, and the resulting signal is the QPSK signal. Polar non-return-to-zero encoding is also being used. These encoders can be located before for binary data source, but have been located after to illustrate the theoretical dissimilarity between digital and analog signals concerned with digital modulation. The matched filters can be substituted with correlators. Each detection device uses a reference threshold value to conclude whether a 1 or 0 is detected. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is both an analog and a digital modulation scheme. It is a modulation scheme in which two sinusoidal carriers, one exactly 90degrees out of phase with respect to the other, which are used to transmit data over a given physical channel. Because the orthogonal carriers occupy the same frequency band and differ by a 90degree phase shift, each can be modulated independently, transmitted over the same frequency band, and separated by demodulation at the receiver. For a given available bandwidth, QAM enables data transmission at twice the rate of standard pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) without any degradation in the bit error rate (BER). QAM and its derivatives are used in both mobile radio and satellite communication systems. The modulated waves are summed, and the resulting waveform is a combination of both phase-shift keying (PSK) and amplitude-shift keying, or in the analog case of phase modulation (PM) and amplitude modulation. In the digital QAM case, a finite number of at least two phases and at least two amplitudes are used. PSK modulators are often designed using the QAM principle, but are not considered as QAM since the amplitude of the modulated carrier signal is constant. In 16 QAM 4 different phases and 4 different amplitudes are used for a total of 16 different symbols. This means such a coding is able to transmit 4bit per second. 64-QAM yields 64 possible signal combinations, with each symbol representing six bits (2^6 = 64). The yield of this complex modulation scheme is that the transmission rate is six times the signaling rate. This modulation format produces a more spectrally efficient transmission. It is more efficient than BPSK, QPSK or 8PSK while QPSK is the same as 4QAM. Another variation is 32QAM. In this case there are six I values and six Q values resulting in a total of 36 possible states (66=36). This is too many states for a power of two (the closest power of two is 32). So the four corner symbol states, which take the most power to transmit, are omitted. This reduces the amount of peak power the transmitter has to generate. Since 25 = 32, there are five bits per symbol and the symbol rate is one fifth of the bit rate. The current practical limits are approximately 256QAM, though work is underway to extend the limits to 512 or 1024 QAM. A 256QAM system uses 16 I-values and 16 Q-values giving 256 possible states. Since 2^8 = 256, each symbol can represent eight bits. A 256QAM signal that can send eight bits per symbol is very spectrally efficient. However, there is some drawbacks, the symbols are very close together and are thus more subject to errors due to noise and distortion. Such a signal may have to be transmitted with extra power (to effectively spread the symbols out more) and this reduces power efficiency as compared to simpler schemes. BPSK uses 80 K symbols-per-second sending 1 bit per symbol. A system using 256QAM sends eight bits per symbol so the symbol rate would be 10 K symbols per second. A 256QAM system enables the same amount of information to be sent as BPSK using only one eighth of the bandwidth. It is eight times more bandwidth efficient. However, there is a drawback too. The radio becomes more complex and is more susceptible to errors caused by noise and distortion. Error rates of higher-order QAM systems such as this degrade more rapidly than QPSK as noise or interference is introduced. A measure of this degradation would be a higher Bit Error Rate (BER). In any digital modulation system, if the input signal is distorted or severely attenuated the receiver will eventually lose symbol clock completely. If the receiver can no longer recover the symbol clock, it cannot demodulate the signal or recover any information. With less degradation, the symbol clock can be recovered, but it is noisy, and the symbol locations themselves are noisy. In some cases, a symbol will fall far enough away from its intended position that it will cross over to an adjacent position. The I and Q level detectors used in the demodulator would misinterpret such a symbol as being in the wrong location, causing bit errors. In the case of QPSK, it is not as efficient, but the states are much farther apart and the system can tolerate a lot more noise before suffering symbol errors. QPSK has no intermediate states between the four corner-symbol locations so there is less opportunity for the demodulator to misinterpret symbols. As a result, QPSK requires less transmitt er power than QAM to achieve the same bit error rate. Implementation of QAM First, the incoming bits are encoded into complex valued symbols. Then, the sequence of symbols is mapped into a complex baseband waveform. For implementation purposes, each complex multiplication above corresponds to 4 real multiplications. Besides, and will be the real and imaginary parts of = + iand assume that the symbols are generated as real and imaginary parts (as opposed to magnitude and phase, for example). After being derived, we will get and. From (1), x (t) becomes. This can be understand as two parallel PAM systems, followed by double-sideband modulation by quadrature carriers and. This realization of QAM is called double-sideband quadrature-carrier (DSB-QC) modulation. A QAM receiver must first demodulate the received waveform y(t). Assuming the scaling and receiver time reference discussed before, this received waveform is assumed to be simply y(t) = x(t) + n(t). Here, it is being understood that there is no noise, so that y(t) is simply the transmitted waveform x(t). The first task of the receiver is to demodulate x(t) back to baseband. This is done by multiplying the received waveform by both and. The two resulting waveforms are each filtered by a filter with impulse response q(t) and then sampled at T spaced intervals. The multiplication by at the receiver moves the positive frequency part of x(t) both up and down in frequency by, and does the same with the negative frequency part. It is assumed throughout that both the transmit pulse p(t) and the receive pulse q(t) are in fact baseband waveforms relative to the carrier frequency (specifically, that and for). Thus the result of multiplying the modulated waveform x(t) by yields a response at baseband and also yields responses around and. The receive filter q(t) then eliminates the double frequency terms. The effect of the multiplication can be seen by both at transmitter and receiver from the following trigonometric identity: Thus the receive filter q(t) in the upper (cosine) part of the demodulator filters the real part of the original baseband waveform, resulting in the output Assuming that the cascade g(t) of the filters p(t) and q(t) is ideal Nyquist, the sampled output retrieves the real part of the original symbols without intersymbol interference. The filter q(t) also rejects the double frequency terms. The multiplication by similarly moves the received waveform to a baseband component plus double carrier frequency terms. The effect of multiplying by at both transmitter and receiver is given by Again, (assuming that p(t) * q(t) is ideal Nyquist) the filter q(t) in the lower (sine) part of the receiver retrieves the imaginary components of the original symbols without intersymbol interference. Finally, from the identity, there is no crosstalk at baseband between the real and imaginary parts of the original symbols. It is important to go through the above argument to realize that the earlier approach of multiplying u(t) by for modulation and then by for demodulation is just a notationally more convenient way of doing the same thing. Working with sines and cosines is much more concrete, but is messier and makes it harder to see the whole picture. Modulation and transmission of QAM In general, the modulated signal can be represented by Where the carrier cos(wct) is said to be amplitude modulated if its amplitude is adjusted in accordance with the modulating signal, and is said to be phase modulated if (t) is varied in accordance with the modulating signal. In QAM the amplitude of the baseband modulating signal is determined by a(t) and the phase by (t). The in phase component I is then given by This signal is then corrupted by the channel. In this case is the AWGN channel. The received signal is then given by Where n(t) represents the AWGN, which has both the in phase and the quadrature component. It is this received signal which will be attempted to demodulate. Reference Fundamentals of Communication SystemsDescription: http://i.cmpnet.com/dspdesignline/2008/07/image046.gif, by John G. Proakis, Masoud Salehi Description: http://i.cmpnet.com/dspdesignline/2008/07/image046.gif Cross-layer resource allocation in wireless communications: techniques and Models from PHY and MAC Layer Interactionby Ana I. Pà ©rez-Niera, Marc Realp Campalans Digital Communication: Third Edition, by John R. Barry, Edward A. Lee, David G. Messerschmit OFDM for wireless multimedia communications by Richard Van Nee, Ramjee Prasad Modern Quadrature Amplitude Modulation by W.T Webb and L.Hanzo Digital Signal Processing in Communication Systems by Marvin E.Frerking COPD: a Clinical Case Study COPD: a Clinical Case Study Jerry Corners Introduction Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the fifth leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the UK and fourth in the world (Hurd 2000; Soriano 2000). Though other causes exist, like genetics and environmental pollution, tobacco smoke is by far the leading etiology of this disease (Pride 2002). It may seem axiomatic that if cigarette smoking is the cause of COPD, cessation (or avoidance) of smoking is the prevention. However, despite extensive public education, smoking is still common among men and women in the UK and even when people do quit, relapse within the first year is common (Lancaster et al. 2006). Therefore our attention as caregivers needs to be focused upon methods of cessation that produce lasting results. To illustrate the diagnosis, management, both short- and long-term, and what Mike can expect from treatment as reflected in the medical literature, we present the following case. Pathophysiology of COPD COPD is a chronic disease in which decreased airflow is related to airway smooth muscle hypereactivity due to an abnormal inflammatory reaction. Inhalation of tobacco products causes airway remodeling, resulting ultimately in emphysema and chronic bronchitis (Srivastava, Dastidar, Ray 2007). COPD is a complex inflammatory disease that affects both lung airways and lung parenchyma. The modern focus of the pathophysiology of COPD is centered around this inflammation and it is now recognized that systemic inflammation is responsible for many of the extrapulmonary effects of cigarette smoke inhalation (Heaney, Lindsay, McGarvey 2007). The Clinical Case Study Diagnosis Mike is a 54 year old, self-employed grandfather who smokes 40 cigarettes daily. He was recently diagnosed with COPD based on an FEV1 of 66% of predicted (Halpin 2004). According to Halpin (2004), â€Å"There are still no validated severity assessment tools that encompass the multidimensional nature of the disease, and we therefore continue to recommend using FEV1 as a percentage of the predicted as a marker of the severity of airflow obstruction, but acknowledge that this may not reflect the impact of the disease in that individual. We have changed the FEV1 cut off points and these now match those in the updated GOLD and new ATS/ERS guidelines, although the terminology is slightly different: an FEV1 of 50–80% predicted constitutes mild airflow obstruction, 30–49% moderate airflow obstruction, and According to these criteria, Mike has mild airflow obstruction and will be treated accordingly. But no matter what stage he is at or what pharmacologic interventions are prescribed, we are nevertheless obliged to offer this patient access to an effective nicotine cessation program while in hospital. Treatment Acutely, the mainstays of treatment for Mike’s level of disease are inhalation and possibly oral therapy along with pulmonary rehabilitation (Cote Celli 2005;Paz-Diaz et al. 2007). Of course underlying bronchpulmonary infection is treated with appropriate anitmicrobial therapy. Inhalation and Oral Therapy Bronchodilators Of the three classes of bronchodilator therapy, ÃŽ ²-agonists, anticholinergic drugs and methylxanthines, all appear to work by relaxation of the airway smooth muscles, which allows emptying of the lung and increased tidal volume, with an increase in FEV1 with increase in the total lung volume and dyspnea, subjective air-hunger, significantly improved, especially during exercise (Celli Macnee 2004c). Combining short- and long-acting bronchodilators appears to improve lung function better than either alone, and so Mike will be treated with a combination of salbutamol and (albuterol)/ipratropium. There are many other agents that could be used that have shown to be effective in mild disease, such as Mike’s (Celli Macnee 2004b). Corticosteroids Inflammation is often part of the acute phase of COPD exacerbations and therefore part of Mike’s therapy will be inhaled corticosteroids. Many studies have shown that inhaled corticosteroids produce at least some improvement in FEV1 and ventilatory capacity. It is often necessary for a trial of medication to confirm that a given patient will respond to inhaled corticosteroid treatment (Celli Macnee 2004a). Ries ( 2007) claims that inhaled corticosteroids have become the standard of care for patients with COPD, in all phases of severity (Salman et al. 2003). Mike will be offered inhaled corticosteroids. Pulmonary Rehabilitation According to a statement of the American Thoracic Society, â€Å"[Pulmonary rehabilitation is] a multidisciplinary programme of care for patients with chronic respiratory impairment that is individually tailored and designed to optimise physical and social performance and autonomy†. The Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program Exercise Garrod ( 2007) has shown convincing evidence that exercise significantly modifies systemic inflammation, as measured by CRP and IL-6 levels, that plays such an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD. But rather than target just the pulmonary musculature, Sin et al. ( 2007) have suggested that the skeletal muscle dysfunction and reduced exercise tolerance, which are important extrapulmonary manifestations of COPD, could in fact be due to the systemic inflammation that is important in COPD. Therefore, Mike will be placed on a regimen of weight training designed to improve his over all muscle strength. In addition he will be offered aerobic exercise treadmill sessions to improve his exercise tolerance, similar to cardiac rehabilitation (Leon et al. 2005). Nutritional Support General nutritional status is related to COPD severity (Budweiser et al. 2007;Ischaki et al. 2007) and mortality (Felbinger Suchner 2003). The cachexia of COPD is a common sign of end-stage pulmonary disease. Mike has mild disease and would not be expected to be suffering from malnutrition. However, an evaluation by a nutritionist and possible early correction of any deficits are part of his pulmonary rehabilitation. Psychological Support Depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms are valid indicators of psychological distress in COPD (Hynninen et al. 2005) and quality of life (Arnold et al. 2006), two very important nursing issues. Much of the psychological distress is related to a sense of personal control because the illness, especially in its late stages, is so often accompanied by a feeling of loss of control in one’s life. Mike is still self-employed and with his mild impairment, he is not likely to be feeling these issues, yet. However caregivers need to be acutely aware that his quality of life may depend upon recognition and early intervention in the future (Gudmundsson et al. 2006;Oga et al. 2007). To that end he will have a psychological evaluation while in hospital to screen for depression or anxiety symptoms. Educational Support There are many areas that are very important to Mike as he goes through his pulmonary rehabilitation. In an initial interview, he needs to know what he can and cannot expect from treatment. He needs a person to explain that the damage done so far is not reversible but that there are many treatments available that will allow him to live a good life, if he stops further cigarette use. Issues of promoting a healthy lifestyle, muscle wasting and psychological adjustment are all treatable with information, when it is presented in a sympathetic, firm, supportive atmosphere. Mike needs to know what to expect in the future, if he is able to quit smoking, and if he does not quit smoking. He may not like to hear the truth, but his quality of life will benefit in the years to come from a clear, honest educational program. In addition Mike needs to understand that he may have exacerbations from time to time and that early intervention by his generalist or pulmonologist are mandatory to avoid more serious consequences. Education that stresses the value of a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise according to the regimen established in hospital, is very important. Also, education can help considerably in preventing the wasting that, though probably not present now, may become important in the future. Smoking Cessation No subject in the COPD literature is more clear than the need for immediate cessation of exposure to all cigarette smoke; and, no subject is more frustrating to caregiver and patient alike, at least in those instances where there is poor compliance with the cigarette smoke proscription. We will explore with Mike some of the recommended strategies to accomplish this sometimes elusive, if vitally necessary goal. Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) A recent article by West, et al. ( 2007) reported a prospective study of NRT that was large (2009 smokers), multicultural, involving smokers from the US, UK, Canada, France, and Spain, and of sufficient duration to render generalizable (â€Å"real world†) results. They concluded that NRT helps smokers’ cessation attempts and long-term abstinence rates. However, the 6% improvement rate was not large and this form of cessation therapy should be reserved for those who have tried and failed other methods or programmes. There are many forms of NRT, including nasal and oral nicotine sprays, gum, and patches of varying dosages, currently on the market, but whether they have significant one-year success rates over counselling is an arguable point in the literature. Since Mike now smokes 40 cigarettes daily, he will be offered the 15mg nicotine patch to help for the initial 20 weeks of cessation. Bupropion Therapy Buproprion is a dopamine agonist that has antidepressant effects but is also marketed as a smoking cessation agent. In a study comparing the nicotine patch with buproprion and controls (counselling only) by Uyar, et al. (Uyar et al. 2007), reported success of 26 % for the nicotine patch, 26% for buproprion, and 16% for counselling-only at the end of 24 weeks. As an interesting aside, they reported that those who had a Beck depression inventory above 13, i.e. were depressed at the onset of the study, were unsuccessful regardless of treatment or control group. However, because of the small numbers of smokers involved, there was no statistically significant difference between these groups. The authors conclude that counselling is as effective for cessation attempts as these pharmacologic treatments, and there are no known side effects of being in a control group. However, other studies (Tonnesen et al. 2003) have shown a significant effect of bupropion over placebo. Internet-Based Assistance Various groups have tried using an interactive website to help smokers stop smoking. Unfortunately they have yet to show significant positive findings. All that can be said about them is that the more often the smoker logs on to the site, the better his chances are that he will be successful (Japuntich et al. 2006;Mermelstein Turner 2006;Pike et al. 2007). Nurse-Conducted Behavioral Intervention In the UK Tonnesen et al. (Tonnesen, Mikkelsen, Bremann 2006) found that a combination of nurse-based counselling in conjunction with NRT in patients with COPD was more effective than placebo at 6 and 12 months. As one can readily imagine, there are a plethora of cessation strategies available to assist people in smoking cessation. However, there is no â€Å"silver bullet†, i.e. one method that fits everybody. It comes down to proper motivation, which we believe is related to education and perhaps other factors. All we can really be sure of is of that those who try, many will be successful, and try, try, again seems to be the best advice we can offer. But the most important lesson we can learn is to prevent use of this harmful and addictive substance in the first place. Teenage smoking prevalence is around 15% in developing countries and around 26% in the UK and US. Studies have shown that those who make it past 20 years of age are much less likely to succumb to this addiction (Grimshaw Stanton 2006). Conclusion Assuming Mike ceases to smoke cigarettes, and given a regimen of exercise appropriate to his physical functioning, and with a detailed and robust COPD rehabilitation programme, his prognosis is excellent. By far the most challenging days are yet to come as Mike begins to feel better and the educational materiel fades from his mind. Many smokers return to their fatal habit within a year. Many, though perhaps not all, could benefit from periodic follow-up sessions with a motivational nurse-counselor. 1902 words not counting references References Arnold, R., Ranchor, A. V., Koeter, G. H., de Jongste, M. J., Wempe, J. B., ten Hacken, N. H., Otten, V., Sanderman, R. 2006, Changes in personal control as a predictor of quality of life after pulmonary rehabilitation, Patient.Educ.Couns., vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 99-108. Budweiser, S., Meyer, K., Jorres, R. A., Heinemann, F., Wild, P. J., Pfeifer, M. 2007, Nutritional depletion and its relationship to respiratory impairment in patients with chronic respiratory failure due to COPD or restrictive thoracic diseases, Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. Celli, B. R. Macnee, W. 2004a, Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper, Eur.Respir.J., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 932-946. Celli, B. R. Macnee, W. 2004b, Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper, Eur.Respir.J., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 932-946. Celli, B. R. Macnee, W. 2004c, Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper, Eur.Respir.J., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 932-946. Cote, C. G. Celli, B. R. 2005, Pulmonary rehabilitation and the BODE index in COPD, Eur.Respir.J., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 630-636. Felbinger, T. W. Suchner, U. 2003, Nutrition for the malnourished patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: more is better!, Nutrition, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 471-472. Garrod, R., Ansley, P., Canavan, J., Jewell, A. 2007, Exercise and the inflammatory response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)Does training confer anti-inflammatory properties in COPD?, Med.Hypotheses, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 291-298. Grimshaw, G. M. Stanton, A. 2006, Tobacco cessation interventions for young people, Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. no. 4, p. CD003289. Gudmundsson, G., Gislason, T., Janson, C., Lindberg, E., Suppli, U. C., Brondum, E., Nieminen, M. 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Medication versus motivation, Saudi.Med.J., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 922-926. West, R. Zhou, X. 2007, Is nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation effective in the real world? Findings from a prospective multinational cohort study, Thorax. Page 1 of 11 Is Power the Same as Violence? Is Power the Same as Violence? Huang Li Introduction For a long time in history, the coercive side that power involves and the destructive results that power rivalry brings have all along depicted power as horrible and deterrent. It has been viewed as closely related to force and violence, or to a large extent very similar. It is only until the time of modern democratic societies that the meaning of power is gradually enriched with the increasing role of rational recognition in power relations. This essay intends to show that power is not the same as violence; it is more than that because of the most fundamental difference: rational recognition. Power is not only composed of coercive force that resembles violence, more importantly it involves the force of social recognition which violence is short of. Power is a mutually regulated communicative process rather than simply exercised by the powerful over the powerless. After identifying some basic differences between power and violence, this essay will focus on the discussion of power and power relations, to explore the major difference between power and violence rational recognition and why it is so. On one hand, it will show that power can create violence and it consists of coercive elements by demonstrating why power is not a one-way event; on the other hand, this essay will proof why power is more of mutual constraint that rational recognition and willingness of acceptance from others can identify power from violence. Scholars like Weber views power as means than ends, backed by violence, threat or inducement; Mann illustrates power as resources that can be occupied; Parsons and Foucault both intend to reconstruct power but still proceed in the realm of violence theory. This essay mostly follows the ideas of Honneth, Arendt, and Habermas, but attempts to avoid another extreme of equalizing power to purely power of rationality or power of consensus through communicative process. It sees power as a combination shaped by both coercive and rational forces, avoiding placing power in the opposite of violence since in history power has been devastating too and violence could be â€Å"an attempt to achieve justice† (Gilligan, 2000, 11). Basic Differences: Power Dependent on Numbers and Violence on Implements Arendt defines power in the context of groups of individuals, as â€Å"the human ability not just to act but to act in concert† (1972, 143). One individual alone does not generate power; power is the aggregate strength of all the individuals in a group. So the exercise of power is preconditioned with numbers. Unlike power, violence does not require numbers or groups in order to be violence. Rather, it depends on implements to â€Å"multiply strength, to a point at which they can replace it† (Arendt, 1972, 145), instead of becoming power. Violence is designed and applied for expanding one’s physical strength that it is totally instrumental and always a means for certain purpose; but power in itself can serve as an end. There is categorical distinction in this sense. Is Power a One-way Event? If violence is not the end, it is a â€Å"blinding rage that speaks through the body† (Gilligan, 2000, 55) and the hope of those who do not possess power. So violence could start from the powerless against the powerful, such as slaves against slave owners, or the ruled against the ruling. Such power relations see those in power as subjects and those under the power objects, to be controlled and manipulated. Power in such a one-way model is pillared by certain condition which is understood as its source. Mann identifies four sources of power: ideology, economy, military and politics (1970, 35) that people who occupy these resources will own power. A society is thus divided into two kinds of people in a one-way power structure. If the will of those in power is not executed, the ruled will be punished, possibly by violence, and they stand up to resist, with violence, for power. It is not difficult to reach the conclusion that in a binary opposition, power and violence can be cause and effect of each other and they are actually two sides of one coin. Derived from the Hobbesian proposition, it should be admitted that power do contain certain aspects of violence, historically or theoretically, when it is understood as something can be possessed like resources. However, what can be relied upon by the ruled class for their struggle if they don’t have any resources at all? In the case of ideology, any interpretation by the powerless will be meaningless and invalid, why would those in power necessitate oppressing and controlling them? Will there be any struggle inside the powerful and the powerless? Power is Mutually Agreed: Rational Recognition of Imbalance Clearly such violence-illustrated power is not the whole picture. Power is more than something can be owned and preserved; it only exists when is â€Å"exercised by some on others† (Foucault, 2003, 126) and will be â€Å"dispersed once the group ceases to exist† (Arendt, 1972, 143). Power is the â€Å"structural feature of human relations† (Elias, 1998, 188). Slaves have power over the slave owner too as long as they are valuable to him; their power depends on the degree to which their owner relies on them; so is the case between parents and children, and teachers and students. In reality, if an individual or group acquires the power to implement self will, such power is not fully discovered if the ruled do not acknowledge it; they do not just accept power, they make certain responses to it based on their own will. So power is not necessarily a unilateral process where one is dominated and controlled by the other; it exists in interdependence and mutual constraint among people with differentiated level of resources; it is both â€Å"pervasive and negotiated† (Gosling, 2007, 3). Not only will power be regulated and negotiated between the ruling and the ruled, but also within themselves. The former power relations are coercive because the power is legitimized by laws, regimes or organizations. The latter may be absent from these elements but power relations and interactions still takes place because some individuals will still tend to persuade and influence others in exchange for recognition of authoritative positions, through knowledge, money and pers onal network, in order to implement one’s own will and better response to such power relations at the â€Å" most micro levels† (michel-foucault.com). In fact, power relations at the micro level are where those power relations between hierarchies originate. At the very micro level, it is to a larger extent the power of rational recognition rather than the power of force that leads to certain power relations. Since interdependence always exists among people regardless of their power positions, power relation is a dynamicequilibrium and mutual power regulation is always there, even in the extreme case of slaves and slave owner. However if the power relations regulated by rational recognition are neglected, those based on them at the macro levels will be shaken. Although power relations are mutually regulated and communicative rational, the degrees of interdependence are different, which lead to unbalanced relationships among the players. In fact, power to some extend is just demonstrated by such imbalance; violence too is demonstrated in kind of imbalance; but power goes further if it is identified different as it means others’ recognition of such imbalance. When the imbalance is maintained in the form of pure coercive force, it is violence; when rational force is included, it starts to turn into power. Under any circumstance, power is the combination of both. Bifacial Nature of Power When examined under Habermas’s context, in the terms of â€Å"facts and norms†, power includes two dimensions as well, described as â€Å"facticity and validity†. The facticity dimension reveals the coercive nature of power that power, in any kind of form, potentially contains coercive forces in realizing goals and excluding all impediments. Such aspect of power is underpinned by violence or the threat of violence which exist as real and concrete facts. The other dimension is validity that refers to power’s tendency of gaining rational recognition from the others. Though the two dimensions coexist in power and so does the tensions between them, they are not always equally demonstrated. In a tyrannic society, power shows more coercive side of its nature whereas the power of rational recognition is more compelling in a democratic society. Violence Does Not Create Power but Destroys It As discussed so far, power involves elements of coercion and it can generate violence. But is it the case the other way around that violence can also produce power? In many scholars’ understanding, violence is viewed as a resource that â€Å"can be mobilized to enforce the compliance of others† (Ray, 2011, 13). Usually exercised by those in power, it creates the ability of an individual or group to achieve their own goals or aims even if others are trying to prevent them from realizing them. Thus violence is naturally seen as a source of power. However, is what one has gained by using violence, or what violence has created, truly power? When a government turns into violence against its own people or a foreign country, or an individual uses violence to acquire what is wanted, it is generally because power in their hand is running out and violence is the last resort. While such a government or individual does not lack means of violence, they are in fact in short of power; to be more accurate, they are lack of recognition of their wills by others. When violence as a resource is utilized against another, it not only consumes the resource itself but also diminishes what little power is left over. Violence is always the choice of the impotent, not the powerful. Viewed in this sense, violence only equals to coercive means regardless of other’s recognitions. It emerges when â€Å"social ensembles are incoherent, fragmented and decadent† (Wieviorka, 2009, 165). Therefore, as violence â€Å"inevitably destroys power, it can never generate power† (Arendt 1972, 152). There is no â€Å"continuity between obedience to command (the enactment of power) and obedience to law (as legitimate authority)† (Ray, 2011, 13). A government that solely relies on violence has no power and â€Å"tyranny is both the least powerful and the most violent form of government† (Arendt, 1972, 140). Reproduction of Power and Violence In the past, power is largely associated with gains of interests, or occupation of social resources like those identified by Michael Mann. In Honneth’s Struggle for Recognition, he reveals the â€Å"force of recognition† behind power. Once this point is taken into consideration, the reproduction of power will no longer be just about violent competition, or rivalry for social resources, rather, the willingness of others to acknowledge and accept. Arendt insists that violence does not give rise to power because she believes that social recognition is missed in violence. When power is taken as a combination of coercive and rational forces, it may be understood as a relationship of mutual recognition among a group of people backed by the potential threats each have for others. Therefore, the reproduction of power naturally includes attempts of occupying as much resources as possible for greater coercive capability; it is indispensible and more important to gain recognition from others. If authoritative coercion is a source of power, it is not the only source. Rational recognition also generates power. So political power is not the potential capability to implement one’s own goals or realize one’s own interests, it relies on those over whom the power is exercised to define what power truly is. The power of a government is conferred through people’s recognition, or in another word, the coercive force of the government is agreed by the people. When applied at the micro level, it can also be stated that the power between individuals does not only arise in the lure of interests or in the constraint of violence, it rests in the one’s recognition of others’ will and authority over oneself. Only when such recognition exists, the will can be implemented without enforcement and power becomes power rather than violence. Right to the contrary, what violence concerned is how one’s own goals are reached through forceful means. Violence is always destructive but never constructive. Terrorist attacks do not increase the power of the terrorists, it grows intimidation and controls; meanwhile it gives the government power to do what it cannot do in the past and to expand its sphere of influence. Violence reinforces state power and makes more violence necessary in order to maintain and reproduce violence. Conclusion When power is perceived under violence theory, man is to be controlled and manipulated, instrumentalized in a subject-object relationship which is all about one trying to dominate the other in struggles for power resources, in order to preserve power and oppress others from grabbing it. Power in that sense equals to violence, which is observed throughout history. While power will fail should it be not supported by forceful and compulsory means, it is not sufficient to have these only. What cannot be overlooked is an â€Å"infinitely complex network of ‘micropowers’, of power relations that permeate every aspect of social life† (Sheridan 1980: 139). Where rational recognition also creates power, power can be compellent but not violent simultaneously. Thus, viewed in a rational context, man becomes a dialogue partner with the coexistence of competition, compromise and cooperation. Mutual regulation and interdependence is the one of the features of such power relationship and mutual understanding and respect is part of the foundation of power reproduction. Recognition of imbalance between people, particularly from those over whom power is exercised, legitimizes power and differentiates it from violence. Power and violence are not the same; the former is more than the latter. Power â€Å"cannot be overthrown and acquired once and for all by the destruction of institutions and the seizure of state apparatuses† (Sheridan 1980: 139). Unlike violence, power is not unitary and its exercise binary; it is interactive; a very important part of power struggle is the rivalry for recognition. In modern democratic societies, the violence aspect of power is decreasing and increasingly giving way to the role of rational recognition in shaping power. The major resources of power is no longer just about military or economy of one’s own capability, it is more about how convincing it is for others to accept, and in the end, how well one’s power is recognized and received by others. Bibliography: Arendt, Hannah, (1972), â€Å"On Violence† inCrises of the Republic, New York: Harcourt Brace Company, pp. 103-184. Elias, Norbert, (1998), â€Å"On Civilization, Power, and Knowledge†, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, chapter 7. 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Ray, Larry, (2011), â€Å"Violence and Society†, London: Sage, pp. 6-23. Shabani, A. Payrow, (2004), â€Å"Habermas’Between Facts and Norms: Legitimizing Power?† available at: https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Poli/PoliShab.htm, last accessed on 6 Dec. 2014. Wieviorka, Michel, (2009), â€Å"Violence: A New Approach†, London: Sage, pp. 165.